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Edition 2026-072026-07 版

Positive training · From eight weeks 正向训练 · 八周龄起

German Shepherd Puppy Training ManualFrom 8 Weeks 德国牧羊犬幼犬训练手册八周龄起

A practical manual for families raising a German Shepherd puppy, centred on calm socialisation, early loose-leash skills, gradual alone time and strict protection of a growing large body. 写给正在养育德国牧羊犬幼犬的家庭；全书围绕平静社会化、早期松绳、渐进独处与严格保护成长中的大型身体展开。

Core training period核心训练期 Arrival at 8 weeks through the 16-week socialisation window从 8 周龄到家，至 16 周社会化窗口结束

Roadmap beyond puppyhood幼犬期之后的路线图 Clear next steps through 6 and 12 months继续规划到 6 月龄与 12 月龄

Prepared by FluffyWA Pty Ltd · Southern River, Western Australia FluffyWA Pty Ltd 编写 · 西澳大利亚州 Southern River

This is an execution manual, not a book to read once and shelve. 这是一本执行手册，不是读完一次就放回书架的读物。

Every practical chapter ends with “Do these three things,” so you always know what to do this week. Printable logs and scorecards are collected in Chapter 23. 每个实操章节末尾都有「本周就做这三件事」，让你随时知道本周该做什么。可打印的日志与评分卡集中在第 23 章。

Choose your reading path选择你的阅读路径

Path 01路径 01

The puppy arrived today今天刚把幼犬接回家

Set up the environment and routine first, then move directly to toileting and crate work.先把环境与作息搭好，再直接处理如厕和笼箱训练。

0606 0707 1010 1111

Path 02路径 02

The puppy has been home for two weeks幼犬已经到家两周

Build marker and focus skills, then address mouthing and safe socialisation.先补齐标记与关注，再处理嘴部行为和安全社会化。

0808 0909 1212 1515

Path 03路径 03

Is the German Shepherd right for your home?德国牧羊犬适合你的家庭吗？

Read the breed reality, the developmental clock and the long-term exercise limits before deciding.决定前先看清品种现实、发育时间窗和长期运动限制。

0404 0505 1919

How to read the cards卡片约定

Warning card警示卡

Safety or behaviour risk存在安全或行为风险

Stop, lower the difficulty and manage the situation before continuing.先停下、降低难度并管理环境，再继续训练。

Goal card达标卡

A clear passing standard清晰的通过标准

Use the stated behaviour and success rate to decide whether to progress.按明确的行为表现和成功率判断是否可以进阶。

Time card时长卡

Length of one session单次训练时长

End while the puppy is still successful; more minutes are not automatically better.趁幼犬还在成功时结束；训练更久不等于效果更好。

LIMA means Least Intrusive, Minimally Aversive: use the least invasive, least unpleasant effective option. LIMA 指「最小侵入、最小厌恶」：在有效的方法中，选择侵入最少、最不造成不适的方案。

Every technique in this manual stays within positive reinforcement and environmental management. We arrange the situation so the right behaviour is easy, then reinforce it so it becomes more likely. 本手册的所有技术都限定在「正向强化 + 环境管理」内：先把环境安排到正确行为更容易发生，再通过强化让它更常出现。

The minimum learning theory you need只需掌握的最小学习原理

Antecedent前因

What happens immediately before the behaviour.行为发生前，环境里刚刚出现了什么。

Behaviour行为

What the puppy actually does, described without labels.幼犬实际做出的动作，不贴性格标签。

Consequence后果

What follows; a reinforced behaviour becomes more frequent.行为之后发生什么；被强化的行为会增加。

ABC exampleABC 实例

Why talking to a jumping puppy can create more jumping为什么低头说话会让扑人越来越多

The puppy sees you arrive (A), jumps up (B), and you bend down and speak (C). If the puppy values your attention, that attention is reinforcement, so jumping increases. Change the consequence: keep attention unavailable while paws are up, then mark and give attention the moment all four paws are on the floor.幼犬看见你回来（A），扑到你身上（B），你低头对它说话（C）。如果这只幼犬看重你的关注，关注本身就是强化，于是扑人增加。把后果改掉：前脚抬起时不给关注，四脚一落地就立刻标记并给予注意。

Management before training管理先于训练

At eight weeks, management solves 70% of the problem八周龄阶段，70% 的问题靠管理解决

Use a playpen, baby gates, covered cables and a small supervised area. Do not expect a new puppy to resist an environment built for mistakes.用围栏、门挡、收好的电线和受限的监督区域解决问题；不要期待刚到家的幼犬靠「自觉」抵抗一个到处都能犯错的环境。

One learnable thing一次只教一件能懂的事

Behaviour → cue → distraction行为 → 加口令 → 加干扰

First make the behaviour reliable, then attach the cue, then add distraction. Reversing the order turns the cue into background noise.先让行为稳定出现，再加入口令，最后才加干扰。顺序反过来，口令只会变成背景噪音。

Bribe贿赂

The food appears first and the puppy follows it before deciding what to do.食物先出现，幼犬看到食物后才决定跟着做。

Reward奖励

The behaviour happens first; the marker identifies it and the food follows as reinforcement.行为先出现，标记准确指出这个动作，食物随后作为强化。

The German Shepherd originated in Germany, first for herding and later for working and service roles. Cooperation with people, guarding and endurance are useful training levers, but they require early neutrality, recovery and clear everyday skills. 德国牧羊犬起源于德国，最初用于牧羊，后来发展为工作犬与服务犬。与人协作、守护与耐力都能成为训练杠杆，但必须配合早期中性社会化、恢复能力与清楚的日常技能。

This manual develops a family dog that can notice unfamiliar people and return to the handler without escalating. It does not rehearse confrontation: distance, calm observation and voluntary disengagement are the working goals. 本手册训练的是能注意到陌生人、随后重新回到训练者身边的家庭犬，不练习对峙。工作目标是保持距离、平静观察与主动移开注意。

Group training profile分组训练画像

The core drive is to control moving objects, inherited from herding and cattle work.核心驱动是控制移动物体，源自牧羊与赶牛工作。

Movement-based rewards such as tug and flirt-pole play often work better than food; they are also the easiest rewards to push arousal too high.拖拽、挥杆等动作类奖励常比食物更有效；也最容易把唤起推得过高。

Common pitfalls to avoid要避免的常见误区

Using ball throwing as the main exercise builds chasing addiction.把扔球当主要运动，养出追逐上瘾。
Feeding physical exercise without feeding the brain.只喂体力，不喂脑力。
Punishing herding nips as “biting people.”把牧羊性啃咬当作「咬人」惩罚。

What this means at home这些特点在家中意味着什么

Reality 01现实 01

Socialisation aims for neutrality社会化目标是中性

A puppy does not need to greet every unfamiliar person. It needs repeated evidence that people can appear without pressure and that turning back to the handler pays.幼犬不需要向每位陌生人打招呼；它需要反复确认人可以在不施压的情况下出现，而且转回训练者会得到回报。

Reality 02现实 02

Strength can arrive before manners力量可能早于礼仪成熟

Waiting to teach loose-leash walking makes every successful pull more valuable as the puppy grows. Begin on easy routes while the handler can still reinforce the correct position calmly.拖到幼犬长大后才教松绳，会让每一次成功拉到目标都越来越有价值。应在简单路线尽早开始，让训练者仍能平静强化正确位置。

Reality 03现实 03

A large puppy is still developing大体型幼犬仍在发育

Size and endurance do not make repeated jumping, stairs or forced exercise appropriate. Environment management must carry the load that immature self-control and growing joints cannot.体型与耐力不会让反复跳跃、楼梯或强迫运动变得合适。幼犬自控未成熟、身体仍在生长时，环境管理必须承担相应责任。

Reality 04现实 04

Cooperation does not replace alone-time practice愿意协作不能替代独处练习

A puppy that is always beside a person has not learned to be alone. Gradual departures and recorded observation must be practised before absence becomes unavoidable.始终有人陪在身边的幼犬并没有学会独处。必须在不得不离开前，用渐进离开与录像观察进行练习。

Breed reference data品种参考数据

General reference only; individual dogs vary.仅作一般参考；个体差异可能很大。
Reference参考项目	Value参考值
Origin and original roles来源与原始用途	Germany; herding, then working and service roles德国；牧羊，后发展为工作犬与服务犬
Shoulder height肩高	55–65 cm55–65cm
Weight体重	22–40 kg22–40kg
Coat被毛	Double coat双层毛
Drive keywords驱动关键词	Cooperation with people · guarding · endurance与人协作 · 守护 · 耐力

Suitability家庭适配度

Suited for更适合

A household prepared to run broad, controlled socialisation without forcing unfamiliar people into the puppy's space.愿意进行广泛、可控社会化，同时不强迫陌生人进入幼犬空间的家庭。
People ready to teach loose-leash walking before pulling power increases further.愿意在拖拽力量进一步增加前教好松绳行走的人。
A home able to block repetitive stairs and jumps and provide stable low-impact activity.能阻止反复楼梯与跳跃，并提供稳定低冲击活动的家庭。
Families willing to practise gradual alone time even when someone is usually home.即使平时常有人在家，也愿意练习渐进独处的家庭。

Not suited for不太适合

Anyone intending to make the puppy confront unfamiliar people or reward escalating vigilance.打算让幼犬与陌生人对峙，或奖励不断升级警戒的人。
A household unable to manage routine stair access, furniture jumps or slippery movement routes.无法管理日常楼梯、跳家具或湿滑动线的家庭。
People planning to postpone leash training until the dog is physically mature.打算等犬只体型成熟后才开始牵引训练的人。
A routine that supplies constant company but no deliberate, below-threshold alone-time practice.持续有人陪伴，却不安排阈值以下独处练习的生活方式。

Between eight and sixteen weeks, the puppy is learning what is safe, ordinary and worth avoiding. 8–16 周龄之间，幼犬正在学习什么是安全的、日常的，以及什么需要回避。

You cannot pause this developmental period. The goal is not maximum exposure; it is carefully controlled experience at an intensity the puppy can process. 这个发育阶段不能暂停。目标不是追求最多接触，而是在幼犬能处理的强度下，安排经过控制的体验。

Development timeline发育时间轴

0–3 weeks0–3 周 Neonatal period新生期

Basic sensory and physical development.以基础感官与身体发育为主。

3–8 weeks3–8 周 Dog-to-dog socialisation犬只社会化阶段

Core learning with the litter and stable adult dogs is completed in the kennel environment.在犬舍环境中，与同窝幼犬和稳定成年犬完成核心犬只社会化。

8–16 weeks8–16 周 Human and environmental socialisation sensitive period人与环境社会化敏感期

Build calm, positive or neutral associations with ordinary life.与日常人物、声音、地面和环境建立愉快或中性的联想。

About 8–11 weeks约 8–11 周 First fear period第一恐惧期

One intense fright can create a durable fear memory.一次强烈惊吓就可能形成长期恐惧记忆。

4–6 months4–6 月龄 Teething换牙期

Chewing needs increase as adult teeth replace puppy teeth.成犬牙替换乳牙，咀嚼需求明显增加。

6–12 months6–12 月龄 Adolescence青春期

Expect a second fear period and a temporary “selective hearing” phase.可能出现第二恐惧期，以及暂时像「失聪」一样的口令倒退。

First fear period · About 8–11 weeks第一恐惧期 · 约 8–11 周

Avoid experiences the puppy cannot escape or control避免幼犬无法逃离、无法控制的体验

A frightening event during this period can become a long-term fear memory. These are firm boundaries:这段时间的惊吓可能形成长期恐惧记忆。以下三条是明确红线：

No rough bathing or restraint-based nail handling.不做粗暴洗澡，也不采用按压固定式剪甲。
No crowded, noisy venues such as large markets, fireworks events or pet-store promotion days.不带去大型市集、烟花活动、宠物店促销日等嘈杂人多的场所。
Do not let strangers surround, reach for or pick up the puppy.不让陌生人围上来伸手或抱起幼犬。

Instead:正确做法： let the puppy choose whether to approach and always preserve an exit route.让幼犬自己选择是否靠近，并永远保留退路。

Sleep requirement睡眠需求

18–20 hours every day at eight weeks八周龄每天需要 18–20 小时睡眠

Sleep loss is the leading cause of frantic biting, zooming and an apparent inability to listen. Use scheduled enforced naps; see Chapters 7 and 18.睡眠不足是咬人、乱冲和听不进话的第一大原因。要安排固定的强制午睡；详见第 7 与第 18 章。

Attention span注意力时长

2–3 minutes, 4–6 times a day每次 2–3 分钟，每天 4–6 次

Several tiny successful sessions teach more than one exhausted 30-minute session.多次短小成功的训练，比一次把幼犬耗尽的 30 分钟训练有效得多。

The window does not wait窗口不等人

Incomplete vaccination is not a reason to stop socialisation疫苗未完成，不等于停止社会化

Australian veterinary and international behaviour guidance recognises that behaviour problems caused by inadequate socialisation ultimately cost far more canine lives than vaccine-preventable disease. Use low-risk, controlled exposure as described in Chapter 15, and ask your veterinarian which locations and ground surfaces are appropriate for local disease conditions.澳洲兽医界与国际行为学界的共识是：社会化不足造成的行为问题，最终夺走的犬只生命远多于疫苗可预防疾病。请按第 15 章采用低风险、可控制的接触方式；哪些地点可以去、哪些地面可以落地，要根据当地疫情向你的兽医确认。

A good first week begins with a small, predictable environment—not with a house full of freedom. 顺利的第一周，起点是小范围、可预测的环境，而不是把整套房子都交给幼犬自由探索。

Divide the home into three zones把家划成三个区域

Zone 01区域 01

Safe zone安全区

Playpen, crate, fresh water and a washable bed. This is where the puppy rests, eats calmly and succeeds without constant correction.放置围栏、笼箱、清水与可洗睡垫。幼犬在这里休息、安静进食，也能在不被持续纠正的情况下成功。

Zone 02区域 02

Activity zone活动区

Open only when an adult is actively supervising. Keep the area small enough to notice sniffing, circling and unwanted chasing before it escalates.只有成人正在主动监督时才开放。范围要小到能及时发现嗅地、转圈和追逐苗头。

Zone 03区域 03

Restricted zone禁区

Stairs, balconies, the backyard pond or pool, and the garage remain physically blocked—not merely “off limits” by verbal instruction.楼梯、阳台、后院池塘或泳池、车库必须用实体隔离，不靠口头说「不能去」。

Breed-specific safety sweep品种专项安全排查

Block unsupervised stair access and repeated furniture-jump routes before the puppy arrives.幼犬到家前就封住无人监督的楼梯通道与反复跳家具路线。 Create stable, non-slip resting, training and toileting routes so daily movement does not require rushing or sliding.设置稳定、防滑的休息、训练与如厕动线，不让日常移动需要冲跑或打滑。 Choose an easy loose-leash practice route with enough space to turn away before the puppy reaches a distraction by pulling.选择简单且空间充足的松绳练习路线，确保幼犬靠拉扯接近干扰前就能转向离开。 Prepare a visitor observation area behind a secure barrier where unfamiliar people will not reach toward or crowd the puppy.在牢固隔栏后准备访客观察区，陌生人不向幼犬伸手，也不围堵其空间。 Set up a quiet, recorded alone-time area and remove departure steps that cannot yet be kept below distress.设置安静且可录像的独处区，并暂不加入会让幼犬越过困扰阈值的离开步骤。

Equipment list装备清单

Use the listed AUD reference ranges where provided. Breed-specific additions without a stable reference range are marked for a current local price check; sizes, brands and prices vary. See the shopping chapter in FluffyWA Puppy Handbook for Australian retailers. 有 AUD 参考区间的项目可用来规划预算；规格未提供稳定价格的品种增补项会标注「查询本地现价」。尺寸、品牌与价格会变化；澳洲购买渠道见《FluffyWA 幼犬手册》的购物章节。

Buy by function: essential, useful, and not yet按功能分为必需、有用与先别买
Priority级别	Item and requirement物品与要求	Approx. AUD reference参考价 AUD
Essential必需	Airline crate or wire crate sized for the adult dog, with a puppy divider, plus a playpen按成犬尺寸购买的航空箱或铁丝笼，带幼犬隔板；另配幼犬围栏（playpen）	$60–220 for the crate/playpen category航空箱/围栏品类 $60–220
Essential必需	Flat collar and properly fitted Y-shaped harness平口项圈与合身的 Y 型胸背	$35–90 for the base lead + fitted harness category; collar separate基础牵引绳 + 合身胸背品类 $35–90；项圈另计
Essential必需	Short lead, 1.2–1.8 m1.2–1.8 m 短牵引绳	Included in the $35–90 base lead + harness reference计入基础牵引绳 + 胸背 $35–90 参考品类
Essential必需	Stainless-steel bowls不锈钢碗	$12–35 for two bowls两只碗 $12–35
Essential必需	Enzyme cleaner for toilet accidents处理如厕意外的酶清洁剂（酵素去味）	$15–35$15–35
Essential必需	Washable sleeping mat可洗睡垫	$25–100$25–100
Essential必需	Soft teething toys软质磨牙玩具	$20–70 for the chew + food-puzzle category咀嚼 + 漏食品类 $20–70
Useful有用	Two food puzzles食物拼图 2 个	$20–70 for the chew + food-puzzle category咀嚼 + 漏食品类 $20–70
Do not buy yet先别买	Retractable lead: it does not teach a loose lead and can cause cord injuries伸缩牵引绳：教不出松绳，而且有绳伤风险	Not recommended不建议购买
Do not buy yet先别买	Any collar designed to tighten around the neck任何颈部收紧类项圈	Not recommended不建议购买
Do not buy yet先别买	Hard bones or rawhide chews; puppy teeth and digestion can be at risk, so ask your veterinarian硬骨头与生皮咬胶；幼犬牙齿与消化存在风险，请先咨询兽医	Ask your veterinarian before choosing a chew选择咀嚼物前先咨询兽医

Approximate 2026 Perth retail ranges; actual prices vary by store. 价格为 2026 年珀斯零售参考区间，实际以门店为准

Write the one cue word every family member will use写下全家统一使用的中文口令词
Skill技能	Agreed family cue家庭统一口令
Sit坐
Down趴
Come唤回
Wait等一下
Leave it别碰
Drop / Give吐出来 / 给我
Go to mat / Place上垫子
Settle安定

Move the times to fit your household; preserve the order and the ratio of awake time to sleep. 时间可以按你的作息整体平移；真正要保持的是事件顺序，以及清醒与睡眠的比例。

Example rhythm for an eight-week-old puppy八周龄幼犬一日示例节奏
Time时间	What happens内容
06:3006:30	Wake, then carry the puppy directly to the chosen toilet spot before greeting or play.醒来后先不打招呼、不玩，立刻抱到固定厕所点。
06:3506:35	Breakfast; use part of the meal for name response and calm four-paws-on-floor reinforcement.早餐；拿出部分日粮练名字回应，并强化四脚着地的平静状态。
06:45–07:0006:45–07:00	Five to fifteen minutes of calm awake activity: sniffing, chewing or gentle handling.5–15 分钟清醒活动：嗅闻、咀嚼或温和触碰。
07:00–09:0007:00–09:00	Enforced nap in the crate for one to two hours.进入笼箱，强制午睡 1–2 小时。
09:0009:00	Toilet immediately after release from the crate.一放出笼箱就立刻去厕所点。
09:0509:05	Two-minute training session, then five to fifteen minutes of supervised activity.短训 2 分钟，再进行 5–15 分钟受监督活动。
09:25–11:0009:25–11:00	Sleep; protect the area from visitors, children and household traffic.继续睡眠；让访客、孩子与家人走动不要打扰休息区。
11:0011:00	Toilet, water and the next meal if using a multi-meal puppy schedule; follow with a short calm activity.如厕、饮水；若采用幼犬多餐制则安排下一餐，随后短暂平静活动。
11:30–13:3011:30–13:30	Enforced nap for one to two hours.强制午睡 1–2 小时。
13:30–17:3013:30–17:30	Repeat the cycle: toilet → two-minute training or five-to-fifteen-minute activity → sleep. Take the puppy out after drinking, play and every crate release.重复循环：如厕 → 2 分钟短训或 5–15 分钟活动 → 睡眠。喝水后、玩闹后、每次出笼后都要去厕所点。
17:3017:30	Evening meal using part of the ration for name work, followed by toilet and quiet family time.晚餐；拿出部分日粮练名字，随后如厕并进行平静的家庭共处。
18:00–20:3018:00–20:30	Short awake periods separated by naps; avoid turning the evening into continuous play.短暂清醒与睡眠交替；不要把整晚变成连续玩耍。
22:00–22:3022:00–22:30	Final toilet trip, then settle the crate beside the bed in the bedroom.睡前最后一次如厕，然后进入放在卧室床边的笼箱。
Overnight夜间	If the puppy needs to toilet, carry it out quietly, do not play or talk, then return directly to the bedroom crate.如果需要如厕，安静抱出去，不玩、不说话，结束后直接回卧室笼箱。

The first three nights头三晚怎么过

Keep the crate beside the bed and make night-time boring笼箱放床边，让夜间如厕保持无聊

Place the crate beside the bed so the puppy is not isolated in an unfamiliar room.笼箱放在床边，不把幼犬单独留在陌生房间。
Take the puppy to toilet at night without play, conversation or exploration.半夜带出去如厕时不玩、不说话，也不允许四处探索。
Do not pick the puppy up merely because it is protesting, but do distinguish protest from urgency.不要因为抗议哭就抱出来，但必须区分抗议与真的憋不住。
A sudden change in the cry, combined with circling or scratching at the floor, usually means the puppy needs to toilet.哭声突然变化，同时出现转圈或刨地，通常表示需要上厕所。

Do not do these things in the first week第一周不要做

Do not invite visitors over to see the new puppy.不请客人来家里看新狗。 Do not bathe the puppy.不洗澡。 Do not take the puppy to a pet store.不去宠物店。 Do not start group classes.不上课。 Do not carry the puppy for long periods as a substitute for rest.不长时间抱着，不用抱着代替真正休息。 Never leave children alone with the puppy.不让孩子与幼犬单独相处。

Introduce family members in this order新家庭成员介绍顺序

Children孩子 Ask the child to sit on the floor. No chasing, picking up, hugging or crowding; an adult controls the distance.让孩子坐在地上；不追、不抱、不拥挤，由成人控制距离。
Resident dogs家中其他犬 Meet outdoors on neutral ground, then begin with a calm parallel walk before entering the home.在户外中立地点见面，先做平行散步，情绪稳定后再一起进屋。
Cats猫 Maintain secure separation and prevent every chase rehearsal. If the breed profile requires professional cat or small-animal compatibility assessment, do not progress to visual or direct exposure yourself; the qualified professional sets the plan. The cat must always have an exit route.保持牢固隔离，并阻止每一次追逐练习。若品种资料要求由专业人士进行猫或小动物相容性评估，主人不得自行推进到视觉或直接接触；由合格专业人士制定方案。猫必须始终有退路。

A marker is one short, consistent sound—a clicker click or a spoken “Yes!”—that means: “That exact behaviour; your reward is coming.” 标记是一个短促、恒定的声音，可以是响片的 click，也可以是口头「Yes!」；它只表示：「就是这个动作，奖励在路上。」

Charge the marker in three steps三步完成标记「充电」

Choose a quiet environment选择安静环境 Remove toys, people and movement so the sound is the only new information.先移开玩具、人员与移动干扰，让标记声成为唯一的新信息。
Marker, then food within one second ×15标记后 1 秒内给食 ×15 次 Make the sound once, then deliver one piece of food within one second. The puppy does not need to perform a cue.标记声只发一次，并在 1 秒内送上一粒食物；此时不要求幼犬做任何指令。
Test the association测试联结是否建立 Make the marker sound while the puppy is not already watching you. An immediate turn towards you means charging is complete.在幼犬没有正看着你时发出标记声；它立刻转向你，就表示充电完成。

Reward placement sets up the next action奖励投放位置决定下一个动作

Keep the position保持当前位置

Feed at the puppy’s mouth把奖励送到嘴边

To maintain a sit, bring the food directly to the mouth so the puppy does not need to stand or step forward.想让幼犬继续坐着，就把食物直接送到嘴边，不让它为了拿食物站起或向前走。

Reset for another repetition重置后再做一次

Toss the food away把食物抛远

To have the puppy get up and repeat, toss the food away, let the puppy collect it, then set up the behaviour again.想让幼犬起身并重复，就把食物抛远；等它吃完回来，再重新安排下一次行为。

Your puppy’s name has one meaning: “Look at me.” It does not mean “come,” it does not mean “stop,” and it must never become a reprimand. 幼犬名字只有一个含义：「看我」。它不表示「过来」，不表示「别动」，更不能被用来骂狗。

The name game名字游戏

Say the name once名字只叫一次 Choose a random calm moment when the puppy is near you but looking elsewhere.在幼犬靠近你但正看向别处的平静时刻，随机叫一次名字。
Mark the turn转头瞬间标记 The instant the puppy turns towards you, mark. Do not wait for a sit or a full approach.幼犬转头看你的瞬间立刻标记；不用等它坐下，也不用等它走到面前。
Reward and move on奖励后结束这一次 Deliver the reward, then return to normal life. Complete 20 repetitions each day, spread across the whole day.送上奖励后恢复日常活动。每天做 20 次，并分散在全天完成。

Build voluntary attention培养主动关注

Engage–DisengageEngage–Disengage 主动关注

Reward the look you did not ask for奖励你没有叫来的那一眼

Voluntary attention is more valuable than attention that appears only after a cue. Mark whenever the puppy chooses to glance at you, then gradually practise around a view through the window, another dog or children.主动看你，比被叫才看更有价值。幼犬自己看你一眼就标记；之后逐步在窗外景物、其他犬或孩子等干扰旁练习。

Look at that看那个

Looking is allowed; returning attention pays允许看干扰，回头就有奖励

Let the puppy look at the trigger. When it finishes looking and turns back, mark and reward. This foundation later helps the puppy disengage from movement, unfamiliar people and social excitement.允许幼犬看干扰源；看完后只要回头，就标记并奖励。这是后续从移动刺激、陌生人和社交兴奋中主动脱离关注的基础。

Toilet training is a schedule and supervision task. Every outdoor success is information; every indoor accident means the next trip was scheduled too late. 如厕训练首先是作息与监督任务。每次户外成功都在提供正确信息；每次室内意外都表示下一次带出安排得太晚。

Six times the puppy must go out六个必带出去的时刻

Immediately after waking醒来立即带出 5–15 minutes after eating进食后 5–15 分钟 After drinking喝水后 After active play玩闹后 After training训练后 Immediately after release from the crate放出笼后立即带出

During the day, add a scheduled trip every 45–60 minutes.白天另外每 45–60 分钟定时带出一次。

Use the same toilet-place sequence固定厕所点流程

Take the same route走同一条路线 Carry or lead the puppy directly to the toilet area without a tour of the yard.抱着或牵着幼犬直接前往厕所点，不先在院子里闲逛。
Use the same surface落在同一块地面 Consistency of place and surface helps the puppy recognise the job.地点与地面材质保持一致，帮助幼犬识别这次出门的任务。
Wait quietly for 2–3 minutes不互动等待 2–3 分钟 No play, conversation or wandering while you wait.等待期间不玩、不说话，也不让幼犬四处游走。
Mark the instant toileting happens排泄瞬间标记 Mark while the puppy is still outside and completing the behaviour.幼犬仍在户外、正在完成排泄时就标记。
Reward outside在户外给奖励 Deliver the reward at the toilet place. Do not wait until you are back indoors.就在厕所点送上奖励，绝对不要等回屋才给。
Play only after success成功后才开始玩 If toileting always ends outdoor time, the puppy may learn to hold on to make the outing last longer.如果一排泄就结束户外时间，幼犬可能学会憋着，以延长在外面的时间。

Find the missing trip找出漏排时点

Record three consecutive days连续记录 3 天

Chapter 23 provides fields for date, time, outdoor success, indoor accident and last meal time. Three consecutive days usually reveal where the schedule is late.第 23 章的记录表包含日期、时间、户外成功、室内意外与上次进食时间。连续记录 3 天，通常就能看出哪一个时点带出太晚。

Regression is information倒退也是信息

Expect a setback at 14–16 weeks and again in adolescence14–16 周与青春期都可能倒退

Return to the previous stage’s outing frequency. Do not increase punishment.处理方法是退回上一阶段的带出频率，而不是加重惩罚。

The crate is a bedroom, not a prison. It must never be used as punishment. 笼箱是卧室，不是监狱；绝不能用来惩罚。

Eight-step crate desensitisation笼箱脱敏八步

Advance rule: move on only after the puppy has stayed relaxed through the previous step three times in succession.推进总规则：上一步连续 3 次保持放松，才进入下一步。

Open door, free movement门开着，自由进出 Toss food into the crate and allow the puppy to enter and leave freely. Do not close the door.把食物丢进笼里，让幼犬随便进出，不关门。 Advance only after the puppy has remained relaxed through this exact step three consecutive times.本步连续 3 次保持放松后，才可推进。
Feed one complete meal inside在笼内吃完一整餐 Place the full meal inside and keep the door open throughout.把完整一餐放进笼内，整个过程保持门开着。 Advance only after the puppy has remained relaxed through this exact step three consecutive times.本步连续 3 次保持放松后，才可推进。
Close for three seconds关门 3 秒 After the puppy enters, close the door for three seconds and open it again.幼犬进笼后关门 3 秒，再打开。 Advance only after the puppy has remained relaxed through this exact step three consecutive times.本步连续 3 次保持放松后，才可推进。
Close for 10–30 seconds关门 10–30 秒 Stay beside the crate while the door is closed.关门期间，人始终留在笼箱旁边。 Increase within this range only after the puppy has remained relaxed at the current duration three consecutive times.当前时长连续 3 次保持放松后，才在本范围内延长。
Filled toy, person in the room填充玩具，人留在房间 Give a filled toy behind the closed door while you sit elsewhere in the room.关门后给一个填充玩具，人坐到房间内的其他位置。 Advance only after the puppy has remained relaxed through this exact step three consecutive times.本步连续 3 次保持放松后，才可推进。
Leave sight: 10 seconds → 1 minute → 5 minutes离开视线：10 秒 → 1 分钟 → 5 分钟 Close the door, step out of sight, and return before distress begins.关门后离开视线，并在幼犬出现崩溃前回来。 Move to each longer duration only after three relaxed repetitions at the current duration.当前时长连续 3 次保持放松后，才进入下一个更长时长。
Crate naps twice daily每天 2 次笼内午睡 Use the crate for two protected, enforced naps each day.每天安排 2 次不受打扰的强制睡眠，让幼犬在笼内午睡。 Advance only after the puppy has remained relaxed through this exact step three consecutive times.本步连续 3 次保持放松后，才可推进。
Leave home for 10 minutes and record出门 10 分钟并录像 Close the door, leave the home for 10 minutes, and use a phone recording to check whether the puppy remains relaxed.关门后主人出门 10 分钟，用手机录像检查幼犬是否放松。 Extend beyond this duration only after three recordings show a relaxed puppy; do not lengthen a distressed repetition.录像连续 3 次显示幼犬保持放松后，才可超过 10 分钟；出现痛苦时绝不延长。

Read the recording, not your hopes用录像判读，不靠猜测

Success成功

The puppy sleeps幼犬睡着

Settling and sleeping show the duration is currently manageable.能够安定并睡着，表示当前时长在幼犬可承受范围内。

Go back one step退回上一步

Persistent pacing, drooling, prolonged howling or attacking the latch持续踱步、流口水、嚎叫超过几分钟或破坏门栓

Reduce the difficulty and see Chapter 24. Separation anxiety cannot be improved by making the puppy “tough it out.”立即降低难度，并参见第 24 章。分离焦虑不能靠让幼犬硬「忍」来改善。

Train alone time separately独处能力单独练

Five seconds behind a baby gate先从门挡后消失 5 秒开始

Step behind a baby gate for five seconds, then return. Keep everyday departures and arrivals uneventful: no farewell ritual and no excited greeting.先在门挡后消失 5 秒再回来。日常出门和回家都不做仪式：不告别，也不热情迎接。

Desensitise departure signals淡化离家信号

Keys do not always mean you are leaving拿钥匙不一定表示你要走

Puppies build predictions from repeated routines. Randomly pick up your keys, put on shoes or touch the door, then sit down again so those signals lose their certainty.幼犬会根据反复出现的日常动作建立预测。随机拿起钥匙、穿鞋或碰一下门，然后重新坐下，让这些假出门信号失去确定含义。

A German Shepherd puppy needs early bite-force control, clear gripping-game rules and loose-leash foundations before body weight and pulling power increase. The goal is cooperative release and movement, never a contest of force. 德国牧羊犬幼犬需要尽早学习咬合力度控制、清楚的咬握游戏规则与松绳基础，赶在体重与拖拽力量进一步增加前完成地基。目标是合作松口与移动，绝不是力量对抗。

Separate mouthing, legal grip and aroused grabbing分清探索咬、合法咬握与高唤起抓咬

The response depends on whether the puppy is learning, playing under rules or losing the ability to respond处理方式取决于幼犬是在探索、按规则玩，还是正在失去回应能力
Type类型	What it looks like动作表现	What it needs需要什么
Exploratory mouthing探索咬	The puppy investigates hands, clothing and objects with a loose body and flexible attention.幼犬身体松弛、注意力仍能转换，用嘴调查手、衣物与物品。	Manage access, provide safe chewing and teach bite-force inhibition without physical correction.管理接触范围，提供安全咀嚼物，并在不做身体纠正的情况下教咬合力抑制。
Rule-based toy grip有规则的玩具咬握	The puppy grips a designated toy, stays clear of hands, releases on Drop and can return to the handler.幼犬咬住指定玩具，不碰手，能听 Drop 松口，并重新回到训练者。	This is a useful outlet when start, exchange, restart and finish remain predictable.只要开始、交换、重新开始与结束都可预测，这就是有用的合法出口。
Aroused grabbing and pulling高唤起抓咬与拉扯	The puppy grabs the lead or clothing, leans its weight into pulling and stops responding to familiar cues.幼犬咬住牵引绳或衣物，把体重压进拉扯，并停止回应熟悉口令。	The setup is too difficult or arousing; stop access, reduce movement and rebuild below threshold.当前场景难度或唤起过高；应停止通行、降低移动，并退回阈值以下重建。

Teach bite inhibition in stages分阶段教咬合力抑制

8–12 weeks8–12 周 First: reduce force先降低力度 Hard contact calmly ends attention for 3–5 seconds. Resume only when the puppy can place a softer mouth on an appropriate object.重咬后平静停止关注 3–5 秒；只有幼犬能用更轻的力度接触合适物品时，互动才恢复。

12–16 weeks12–16 周 Then: reduce frequency再降低频率 Reinforce teeth staying on designated toys, voluntary release and four paws on the ground; interrupt skin, clothing or lead grabbing before arousal climbs.强化牙齿留在指定玩具上、自愿松口与四脚着地；在唤起上升前中断抓咬皮肤、衣物或牵引绳。

After 16 weeks16 周后 Finally: keep teeth off people最后做到牙齿不碰人 All mouth-based play remains on designated objects and can stop on one cue before the puppy moves into a calm activity.所有嘴部游戏都留在指定物品上，并能听一次口令结束，再转入平静活动。

Do not skip pressure control by demanding zero mouthing immediately. Teach a softer mouth, then lower frequency, while preventing pulling games from becoming strength contests.不要一开始就要求完全不用嘴，跳过力度控制。先教嘴更轻，再降低频率，同时阻止拉扯游戏变成力量对抗。

A four-part grip and leash plan咬握与牵引四步计划

Teach the legal grip first先教合法咬握 Present a designated toy after the start cue, keep hands clear, mark Drop and either return the toy or finish explicitly.开始口令后才拿出指定玩具，让手远离牙齿；标记 Drop，再把玩具还回或明确结束。
Make a loose lead open the route让松绳打开路线 Begin on an easy route, reinforce the puppy beside you and allow forward movement only while the lead remains loose.从简单路线开始，强化幼犬在身边的位置；只有牵引绳保持松弛时才继续向前。
Tight lead stops access绳紧就停止通行 Stop without yanking, wait for weight to shift back or cue an easy turn, then reinforce and continue. Do not let pulling reach the destination.不猛拽地停下，等待重心回移或给一个简单转向口令，再强化并继续；不让拉扯成功到达目标。
Finish before response disappears在回应消失前结束 End gripping or leash work while the puppy can still take food and respond, then use quiet sniffing, chewing or rest for recovery.趁幼犬仍能进食与回应时结束咬握或牵引练习，再用安静嗅闻、咀嚼或休息完成恢复。

Teach the behaviour first, remove visible food, then add the word. Each card below uses the same four-part structure so the family can train and assess it consistently. 先教会行为，撤掉眼前食物，再加入口令。下面八张卡都用同一套四段结构，方便全家统一训练与评估。

Breed priority品种优先项

Broad, choice-based socialisation that builds calm neutrality around unfamiliar people, places, surfaces and sounds.广泛且保留选择权的社会化：在陌生人、地点、地面与声音附近建立平静中性。

Breed priority品种优先项

Loose-leash walking before body weight and pulling power increase further.松绳行走：在体重与拖拽力量进一步增加前打牢基础。

Breed priority品种优先项

Alone-time skills through gradual, recorded departures that remain below distress.独处能力：用渐进并有录像记录、且不越过困扰阈值的离开练习建立。

Cue 01指令 01

Sit坐

Purpose用途

The default behaviour for everyday waiting.所有日常等待情境的默认动作。

Teaching steps教法

Lure the puppy’s nose slightly up and back until the rear touches the floor.用食物把鼻子轻轻向上、向后引导，直到臀部落地。
Mark the instant the rear touches and deliver the reward at the mouth.臀部落地的瞬间标记，并把奖励送到嘴边。
Remove the food lure, repeat the same empty-hand signal, then add “Sit” just before the signal.撤掉食物诱导，用同样的空手手势重复；稳定后在手势前加入「Sit」。

Common error常见错误

Repeating the word before the behaviour is reliable, or pushing the puppy’s rear down.行为尚未稳定就重复口令，或用手把幼犬臀部按下去。

Pass standard达标标准

In a calm room, the puppy sits after one cue without visible food.在安静房间里，幼犬看不到食物，也能听一次口令后坐下。

Cue 02指令 02

Down趴

Purpose用途

The foundation for remaining settled over longer periods.长时间保持安定的基础。

Teaching steps教法

Begin on a non-slip surface, from either a sit or a stand.在防滑地面开始，幼犬可以从坐姿或站姿进入。
Bring the lure to the floor between the forepaws, then slide it slowly forward along the ground.把诱导手贴地放到前爪之间，再沿地面慢慢向前滑。
Mark when the elbows reach the floor and reward low between the paws.肘部落地时标记，并在两只前爪之间低位给奖。
Repeat with an empty hand, then add “Down” just before the hand signal.改用空手重复，稳定后在手势前加入「Down」。

Common error常见错误

Training on a slippery floor or lifting the lure, which makes the puppy stand again.在太滑的地面训练，或把诱导手抬高，导致幼犬重新站起。

Pass standard达标标准

On a non-slip surface, the puppy lies down after one cue without visible food.在防滑地面上，幼犬看不到食物，也能听一次口令后趴下。

Cue 03指令 03

Come唤回

Purpose用途

The foundation of the life-saving recall developed fully in Chapter 16.保命唤回的地基；完整训练见第 16 章。

Teaching steps教法

Say the puppy’s name once, then say “Come” once.先叫一次名字，再说一次「Come」。
Run away so the puppy chases you rather than being chased.转身跑开，让幼犬追你，不要反过来追它。
Mark arrival and give a high-value reward.幼犬到达时标记，并给高价值奖励。
Touch the collar gently, reward, then release the puppy again.轻触项圈，再奖励，然后重新放幼犬自由活动。

Common error常见错误

Chasing the puppy, repeating the cue, or using “Come” only when fun is about to end.追着幼犬跑、重复口令，或只在好玩的事情要结束时使用「Come」。

Pass standard达标标准

In a calm room, the puppy comes to hand after one cue and accepts a collar touch.在安静房间里，幼犬听一次口令就来到手边，并接受触碰项圈。

Cue 04指令 04

Wait等一下

Purpose用途

A life-saving cue that prevents rushing through doors, out of cars or into a food bowl.防止冲门、冲下车或扑向饭碗的保命指令。

Teaching steps教法

Begin at a closed door, beside the car or before lowering the food bowl.从关闭的门口、车旁或饭碗落地前开始。
Say “Wait” once and begin with one second.说一次「Wait」，先只等待 1 秒。
Mark before the puppy moves, then allow access to the door, car or bowl.在幼犬移动前标记，再允许它通过门口、下车或接近饭碗。
Increase only one part of the challenge at a time.每次只提高一个难度维度。

Common error常见错误

Starting with an open doorway or a long duration before the one-second wait is reliable.1 秒还没稳定，就在敞开门口训练或一次要求等待太久。

Pass standard达标标准

The puppy pauses for one second after one cue before a door, car exit or food bowl.在门口、下车或饭碗前，幼犬听一次口令能停住 1 秒。

Cue 05指令 05

Leave it别碰

Purpose用途

Teach the puppy that giving something up earns something better.教会幼犬「放弃眼前的，换来更好的」。

Teaching steps教法

Close one hand around food and wait without pulling the hand away.一只手握住食物，不把手抽走，只安静等待。
When the puppy backs away, mark and reward from the other hand.幼犬一放弃并退开，就标记，并从另一只手给更好的奖励。
Repeat with the closed food hand resting on the floor.把握住食物的手掌放到地面，重复同样过程。
Progress to food under an open hand, then uncovered food on the floor.推进到食物在张开的手掌下，再到食物裸露放在地面。
Finally practise with a safe, real-life temptation on the ground.最后再对地面上的安全诱惑物练习。

Common error常见错误

Letting the puppy eventually eat the “leave it” item, or moving ahead while it is still pawing and biting at the hand.最后又让幼犬吃到「别碰」的那件东西，或它仍在扒咬手时就急着推进。

Pass standard达标标准

With food visible on the floor, the puppy disengages after one cue and turns to the other hand for reinforcement.食物裸露在地面时，幼犬听一次口令就能放弃，并转向另一只手领取奖励。

Cue 06指令 06

Drop / Give吐出来 / 给我

Purpose用途

Exchange objects safely without grabbing and creating resource guarding; see Chapter 20.用交换安全取回物品，不靠抢夺养成护食；参见第 20 章。

Teaching steps教法

Offer a safe toy and let the puppy hold it.先给一个安全玩具，让幼犬含住。
Present high-value food at the nose and wait for the mouth to open.把高价值食物送到鼻前，等待幼犬自己张嘴。
Mark the release and exchange the food for the object.物品松开的瞬间标记，并用食物完成交换。
Return the original object, then add “Drop” before the exchange once release is predictable.把原物还回去；当松口已经可预测，再在交换前加入「Drop」。

Common error常见错误

Pulling the object away, prying the mouth open or never returning the safe item.把物品硬拽走、掰嘴，或安全物品每次都拿走不还。

Pass standard达标标准

The puppy releases a safe object after one cue, accepts the exchange and receives the object back.幼犬听一次口令就松开安全物品，接受交换，并能拿回原物。

Cue 07指令 07

Go to mat / Place上垫子

Purpose用途

The manual’s most practical skill for doors, meals, visitors and lowering arousal in an over-excited puppy.全书最实用的技能，用于开门、吃饭、来客，以及幼犬过度兴奋时降低唤起。

Teaching steps教法

Shape the behaviour by marking any voluntary approach to the mat.用塑形（shaping）开始：幼犬主动靠近垫子就标记。
Raise the criterion to one paw on the mat.把标准提高到一只脚踏上垫子。
Then mark only when all four paws are on the mat.再提高到四只脚都上垫子才标记。
Wait for a down on the mat and mark it.等待幼犬在垫上趴下，并标记这个动作。
Build duration gradually, then add the verbal cue before the now-predictable movement.逐步延长停留时间，再在动作已经可预测时，于动作前加入口令。

Common error常见错误

Luring all the way onto the mat or adding duration and distractions at the same time.一路用食物把幼犬引到垫上，或同时增加时长与干扰。

Pass standard达标标准

In a calm room, the puppy goes to the mat, puts all four paws on and lies down after one cue.在安静房间里，幼犬听一次口令就走上垫子、四脚落垫并趴下。

Cue 08指令 08

Settle安定

Purpose用途

Reward a calm state—lying on the side and slower breathing—rather than a performed action.奖励平静状态，例如侧躺与呼吸变慢，而不是奖励一个表演动作。

Teaching steps教法

Place the mat in the family activity area and sit nearby without asking for repeated cues.把垫子放在家庭活动区，人坐在旁边，不反复要求动作。
Spend 10 minutes doing nothing together each day.每天做 10 分钟「什么也不做」的陪伴训练。
Quietly mark and reward side-lying, softened posture and slower breathing.幼犬侧躺、身体放松、呼吸变慢时，安静地标记并奖励。

Common error常见错误

Turning settle practice into repeated Sit and Down cues, or delivering food so energetically that arousal rises again.把安定训练变成反复要求 Sit、Down，或给食太兴奋，让唤起重新升高。

Pass standard达标标准

During the 10-minute family-area practice, the puppy lies on its side and its breathing visibly slows.在家庭活动区 10 分钟练习中，幼犬能侧躺，并出现肉眼可见的呼吸变慢。

The 3D progression formula3D 通用推进公式

DD Distance距离

How far the puppy or handler moves from the starting point.幼犬或训练者离起点多远。

DD Duration时长

How long the behaviour is maintained.行为需要保持多久。

DD Distraction干扰

How much competing sound, movement or interest is present.现场有多少竞争性的声音、动作或吸引物。

Increase only one D at a time. When one rises, lower the other two again.一次只增加一个维度；增加一个时，把另外两个降回去。

The first month is not about reaching the park. It is about making the equipment comfortable and teaching that a loose lead makes the world move. 第一个月的目标不是一路走到公园，而是让装备变得舒服，并教会幼犬：绳子松，世界才会继续前进。

Begin indoors in three steps室内先行三步

Desensitise the fit穿戴脱敏 Put the harness on, immediately deliver food, and remove it after five seconds.穿上装备就立刻出食物，5 秒后脱下。
Drag the lead under supervision在室内拖绳行走 Let the puppy move indoors with the lead attached while an adult watches continuously to prevent tangling.让幼犬在室内拖着绳走，成人必须全程看着，防止缠绕。
Play the follow game玩跟随游戏 Walk a few steps and mark whenever the puppy chooses to follow beside you.你先走几步；幼犬只要选择跟在身侧，就立即标记。

Go out safely before vaccination is complete疫苗未完成期也能安全「出门」

Carry the puppy and avoid ground contact.抱着走，避免接触地面。 Sit together in the car and watch the world.坐在车里一起看世界。 Sit at your front door for five minutes and watch vehicles and pedestrians.在自家门口坐 5 分钟，看车辆与行人。 Visit a friend whose dog is fully vaccinated and temperamentally stable.去朋友家；对方犬只必须已完成免疫且性格稳定。 Use a clean yard belonging to family or friends.使用亲友家干净的院子。

Ask your veterinarian which locations and ground surfaces are appropriate for current local disease conditions.是否可以落地、哪些地点可以去，必须以你的兽医对当地疫情的判断为准。

Socialisation does not mean “see as much as possible.” It means creating pleasant or neutral associations at low intensity. One frightening experience can outweigh ten good ones. 社会化不等于「见得多」；社会化是在低强度下产生愉快或中性的联想。一次被吓到，抵得过十次好经验。

Three golden rules三条黄金规则

Distance is the volume control距离是你的音量旋钮 Begin far enough away that the puppy can still eat.从远到幼犬仍能吃东西的距离开始。
Choice remains with the puppy把选择权留给幼犬 The puppy may approach or move away; never block the exit route.允许幼犬自己选择靠近或离开，永远不堵住退路。
Appetite tells you the intensity能否进食告诉你强度 Eating means the level is manageable. Refusing food means it is too close or too loud—move back.吃得下表示强度合适；不吃表示太近或太吵，立即退后。

The 60-item socialisation checklist60 项社会化清单

Complete each item at the puppy’s pace; blank fields are for the first date, reaction score and notes按幼犬节奏逐项完成；空栏用于记录首次日期、反应评分与备注
Item项目	First date首次日期	Reaction score 1–5反应评分 1–5	Notes备注
People · 10 items人 · 10 项
Person wearing a hat戴帽子的人
Person wearing sunglasses戴墨镜
Person holding an umbrella撑伞
Person using a walking stick拄拐杖
Jogger跑步的人
Person carrying a baby抱婴儿的人
Toddler蹒跚学步的小孩
Group of teenagers青少年成群
Worker in a high-visibility vest穿高可视背心的工人
Delivery person ringing the doorbell送货员按门铃
Sounds · 10 items声音 · 10 项
Vacuum cleaner吸尘器
Washing-machine spin cycle洗衣机脱水
Lawn mower割草机
Power drill电钻
Pots and pans clattering锅碗碰撞
Doorbell门铃
Baby crying婴儿哭
Thunderstorm, beginning with a low-volume recording雷雨（低音量录音起）
Fireworks recording烟花（录音）
Car horn汽车喇叭
Surfaces & environments · 10 items地面与环境 · 10 项
Tiles瓷砖
Timber floor木地板
Carpet地毯
Grass草地
Sand沙地
Gravel碎石
Metal manhole cover金属井盖
Wet or slippery surface湿滑地面
Timber boardwalk木栈道
A low, stable ramp—one calm pass; see Chapter 19低矮稳固的坡道（平静通过一次，见第 19 章）
Objects & movement · 10 items物体与移动 · 10 项
Shopping trolley手推车
Bicycle自行车
E-scooter电动滑板车
Pram or stroller婴儿车
Wheelchair轮椅
Suitcase行李箱
Robot vacuum—start switched off and stationary扫地机器人（关机静止起）
Balloon气球
Umbrella opening and closing雨伞开合
Wheelie bin being moved垃圾桶被拖动
Animals · 10 items动物 · 10 项
These rows are management prompts, not invitations to test pursuit on live animals. Keep every specified barrier, lead and distance in place. If the breed profile requires professional cat or small-animal compatibility assessment, keep those animals securely separated and leave the row untested and unscored until the qualified professional directs the plan.这些项目用于提醒环境管理，不是让主人拿活体动物测试追逐。必须保留每项指定的隔离、牵引与距离。若品种资料要求由专业人士进行猫或小动物相容性评估，应持续牢固隔离，不自行测试或评分，等待合格专业人士制定方案。
Calm, stable adult dog稳定成年犬
Small dog小型犬
Cat behind secure separation—professional assessment where required by the breed profile猫（牢固隔离；品种资料要求时由专业人士评估）
Chicken or bird viewed at a distance behind a secure barrier鸡或鸟（牢固隔离、远距离观察）
Horse viewed from a distance马（远看）
Kangaroo or wild rabbit viewed from a distance with the puppy physically secured袋鼠或野兔（幼犬有物理约束、远距离观察）
Lizard viewed from a distance with the puppy physically secured蜥蜴（幼犬有物理约束、远距离观察）
Sound of dogs barking狗吠声
Another puppy—vaccinated and similar in size其他幼犬（已免疫、体型接近）
Animal smells at a veterinary clinic兽医院里的动物气味
Handling & situations · 10 items操作与场景 · 10 项
Touch paws and spread toes碰爪与掰开脚趾
Check teeth看牙
Touch ears摸耳朵
Thermometer-taking position—do not perform量体温姿势（不实操）
Condition double-coat brushing, coat checks, airflow and dryer noise in small voluntary steps before the dog's body becomes much larger.在犬只体型进一步增大前，就把双层毛梳理、被毛检查、气流与吹风机声音拆成微小、自愿的适应步骤。
Practise calm paw, toe-space, ear and whole-body checks, plus cooperative standing and repositioning without physical wrestling.练习平静检查爪部、趾缝、耳部与全身，并教会配合站立和换位，不靠身体对抗完成操作。
Getting into and out of the car进出车
Five-minute car ride车程 5 分钟
Veterinary-clinic “happy visit”—treats only, no examination兽医院「快乐拜访」（不看病只吃零食）
Outside a grooming salon美容店门口

Choosing puppy school幼犬社会化班挑课标准

Choose a class that teaches people and manages play选择既教主人、也管理玩耍的课程

Many Australian veterinary clinics offer puppy classes for 8–16-week-olds, commonly after the first vaccination. Choose a class that groups puppies by size and temperament, allows free play but interrupts it whenever needed, teaches owners rather than only handling dogs, and uses no punishment tools.澳洲很多兽医院开设 8–16 周龄幼犬班，多数要求已打第一针。挑课要看四点：按体型与性格分组；有自由玩耍但可随时打断管理；教主人而不只教狗；不使用惩罚工具。

Interrupt play every 30 seconds for a recall and consent test, so the puppy does not learn that seeing dogs always means rushing in.玩耍每 30 秒中断一次，做召回并测试它是否愿意继续玩，避免幼犬只学会「见狗就冲」。

Movement can activate the strengthened chase sequence and compete with recall. Build reliability before raising movement or distance. 移动刺激会启动被强化的 chase 行为链并与唤回竞争；先建立可靠回应，再增加移动刺激或距离。

Three rules that never bend三条永不违反的规矩

Keep “Come” safe, generous and worth answering让「Come」永远安全、慷慨、值得回应

Never use the recall word for something unpleasant: bathing, nail trimming, ending play or shutting the puppy in the crate.永远不用唤回词做坏事：洗澡、剪甲、结束游戏或关笼。
Never punish a recall. Even if the puppy took five minutes to return, the arrival must still pay well.唤回永远不惩罚。就算幼犬耽误了 5 分钟才回来，回到你身边仍然必须很值钱。
Make at least half of the day’s recalls “come back, eat three excellent treats, then go and play again.”一天中至少一半的唤回都要是「叫回来、给三块好吃的、再放它去玩」。

Build it from the house to the park从室内一路建立到公园

Indoor chase-me game室内追人游戏
Say the puppy’s name once, run away and reward it for catching you. Never chase the puppy.叫一次名字后转身跑开，让幼犬追上你就奖励；不要反过来追幼犬。
Two-person ping-pong两人对叫的家庭乒乓
Two people take turns calling and rewarding across a quiet room, one invitation at a time.两个人在安静房间两端轮流邀请和奖励，每次只由一个人发出邀请。
Add the cue加入正式口令
When running to you is predictable, say “Come” once just before the puppy starts moving.当幼犬已经会稳定跑向你时，在它开始移动前只说一次「Come」。
Long line in the yard院子里的长绳阶段
Use a 5–10 m long line as a safety net. Begin with easy distance and very mild distractions.用 5–10m 长牵引绳做安全网，从短距离和很轻的干扰开始。
Long line in the park公园里的长绳阶段
Move to a quiet park only after the yard is reliable; increase distance or distraction, never both together.院子里稳定后才去安静公园；每次只增加距离或干扰中的一个，不要同时增加。
Group-specific long-line guidance分组长绳指引
Use the long line around moving triggers and advance only after the puppy can disengage and respond reliably.在移动刺激旁使用长绳；只有幼犬能主动移开注意并可靠回应后才推进。

Emergency recall紧急唤回词

Keep one cue behind glass留一个只在危急时启用的词

Choose a separate signal, such as two short whistle blasts. Practise it only once or twice a week and give a highest-value jackpot—served safely as several tiny pieces in succession and counted within the daily food allowance. Never spend the signal on an everyday recall.另设一个信号，例如口哨两短声。每周只练 1–2 次，并给予最高价值等级的大奖——实际安全地分成多个小粒连续奖励，并计入当天口粮。永远不把这个信号用于日常唤回。

Collar-touch conditioning摸项圈条件化

Arrival means coming all the way to hand回来要一直回到手边

Recall, touch the collar gently, feed, then release. Repeating that sequence prevents the puppy from learning to orbit one metre beyond reach.叫回来 → 轻摸项圈 → 给食 → 放走。反复建立这个顺序，避免幼犬养成「到手前一米就绕开」。

Enrichment and outlet menu丰容与出口菜单

This is a lifetime menu, not a daily checklist. Choose only activities suitable for the dog's current developmental stage; anything reserved for adulthood or professional guidance remains a future plan.这是终身菜单，不是每日打卡表。只选符合犬只当前发育阶段的活动；仅限成年后或需专业指导的项目仍留在未来计划中。
Type类型	Examples例子	Duration时长	Notes备注
Sniffing嗅闻	Scatter feeding on grass, snuffle mat, food hidden in boxes, indoor treat search草地撒食、嗅闻垫、纸箱藏食、室内找零食	About 5–15 minutes约 5–15 分钟	Let the nose set the pace; easy searches should finish successfully.让鼻子决定节奏；简单搜索应以成功结束。
Problem-solving解题	Treat ball, frozen stuffed toy, folded paper tube, food rolled in a towel漏食球、冷冻填充玩具、纸筒折叠、毛巾卷食	About 5–15 minutes约 5–15 分钟	Begin easy enough to prevent frustration; frozen toys are especially useful during teething.从不会挫败的简单难度开始；冷冻玩具在换牙期尤其有用。
Shaping and tricks塑形与技艺	Nose-to-hand touch, spin, weave through legs, toys into a box, switch a light on or off鼻触手、转圈、绕腿、收玩具进箱、开关灯	Up to 10 minutes per session, with breaks每节最多 10 分钟，期间安排休息	Use shaping and split the skill into tiny, winnable steps.使用塑形（shaping），把技能拆成幼犬容易成功的小步骤。
Flirt pole挥杆玩具（flirt pole）
Rule-governed tug有规则的拖拽
Scent searching气味搜寻
Directional cue games, such as going left and right around a barrel方向类口令游戏，如左右绕桶
Herding-ball classes after adulthood成年后的牧羊犬球类课程
Chewing咀嚼	Veterinarian-approved chew, a small amount of frozen carrot经兽医确认适合的咬胶、少量冻胡萝卜	Puppy-led and supervised由幼犬决定时长，全程监督	Ask your veterinarian which chews suit your puppy; remove damaged pieces.先问兽医哪类咬胶适合你的幼犬；出现破损碎片就收走。

Teething换牙期

Prepare cold outlets before four to six months在 4–6 个月前准备好冷冻出口

Chewing demand rises sharply at about 4–6 months. Prepare frozen stuffed toys in advance; increased chewing at this age is a developmental need, not a training regression.约 4–6 个月时咀嚼需求会激增。提前准备冷冻填充玩具；这个阶段更爱咬是发育需求，不是训练退步。

Independent ability独立能力

Let the puppy solve ten minutes alone让幼犬自己解决 10 分钟

Offer a safe puzzle or chew and let the puppy work independently for ten minutes. Constant human entertainment builds clinginess and makes alone time harder.提供安全的拼图或咬胶，让幼犬自己解决 10 分钟。全天由人陪玩会加重黏人，也会让独处更困难。

This week本周行动

Do these three things本周就做这三件事

Serve one meal as a sniffing search instead of placing it all in a bowl.把一餐改成嗅闻搜索，不再全部直接放进饭碗。
Choose one brief group-appropriate outlet from the menu above that fits the puppy's current developmental stage, and stop while the puppy remains responsive. Any adulthood-only or professionally guided item stays in the future plan.从上方菜单选一项符合分组且适合幼犬当前发育阶段的短时出口，并在幼犬仍能回应时结束。仅限成年后或需专业指导的项目仍留在未来计划中。
Set up one safe puzzle or chew for ten minutes of independent work.准备一个安全拼图或咬胶，让幼犬独立解决 10 分钟。

Arousal rises quickly and comes down slowly. An off switch must be taught deliberately, and high-arousal activity should be followed by sniffing to support recovery. 唤起起得快、降得慢；必须主动教「关机键」，高唤起活动后接嗅闻帮助恢复。

Signs of over-arousal过度唤起征兆

Several signs appearing together mean the session should stop and the environment should become quieter.多项征兆同时出现时，应停止当前活动并降低环境刺激。
What you see你会看到	Immediate interpretation当下怎么理解
Dilated pupils瞳孔放大	The nervous system is highly activated.神经系统已经高度启动。
Panting unrelated to heat喘气并非因为热	Pause and reduce stimulation rather than asking for more work.先暂停并降低刺激，不要继续加任务。
Refusing normally loved food吃不进平时爱吃的零食	The situation is too intense for useful learning.当前强度已经高到无法有效学习。
Grabbing and biting hands抓咬人手	This often signals overload, not a need for harsher correction.这通常是过载信号，不是需要更严厉纠正。
Aimless circling无目的转圈	The puppy is no longer making organised choices.幼犬已经无法做出有组织的选择。
Higher, sharper vocalising叫声变高变尖	End the exciting activity and create distance.结束兴奋活动，并拉开距离。
Unable to hear familiar cues听不到熟悉口令	This is over-arousal, not deliberate disobedience.这是过度唤起，不是故意不服从。

Use this order when the puppy is over threshold幼犬超过唤起阈值后，按这个顺序处理

Lower the environment先降环境
Remove the trigger, increase distance or use a barrier. Stop the game rather than repeating cues.撤掉刺激、增加距离或使用隔离设施；停止游戏，不要重复口令。
Lower the body再降身体
Move to a quiet space, reduce movement and offer an appropriate chew if the puppy can use it calmly.进入安静空间、减少活动；若幼犬能平静使用，可提供合适的咀嚼物。
Train only after recovery恢复后才谈训练
Wait until the puppy can eat again, respond to familiar cues and show soft body language before training; effective learning cannot happen while the puppy is over threshold.等到幼犬重新能进食、能回应熟悉口令、身体变柔软时再训练；处于过度唤起时无法进行有效学习。

Teach the off switch关机键教法

Mat, naps and chewing垫子、午睡与咀嚼

Practise Settle on mat from Chapter 13, schedule two enforced naps each day for an eight-week-old puppy in a crate or pen, and use chewing activities that naturally lower arousal.练习第 13 章的 Settle on mat；8 周龄幼犬每天安排 2 次笼内或围栏内强制午睡；使用能自然降低唤起的咀嚼活动。

The excitement sandwich兴奋三明治

Start low低唤起开始
Begin on the mat or with quiet engagement while the puppy can still think and eat.从垫上安定或安静互动开始，确保幼犬仍能思考和吃东西。
Add one brief, current-stage outlet加入一段符合当前阶段的短时出口
Choose an outlet from Chapter 17 that is appropriate for the dog's current developmental stage, then stop on cue while the dog can still respond and eat. Any menu item marked for adulthood or professional guidance remains a future plan, not a puppy exercise.从第 17 章选择符合犬只当前发育阶段的出口，并在仍能回应和进食时按口令结束。菜单中任何标注「成年后」或「需专业指导」的项目都只是未来计划，不是幼犬练习。
Return low on cue按口令回到低唤起
End on cue, then return to the mat, sniffing or quiet chewing. You are teaching recovery from excitement, not merely avoiding excitement.按口令结束，再回到垫子、嗅闻或安静咀嚼。训练目标是从兴奋中恢复，而不是一味避免兴奋。

Large-breed growth-plate protection needs strict follow-through. Favour self-paced, low-impact exploration, sniffing, problem-solving and short structured training on stable ground; limit repeated jumping and stair use, avoid forced mileage and sharp high-speed turns, and consult a veterinarian before adding impact or intensity. 大型犬的生长板保护必须严格执行。优先稳定地面上由幼犬自主节奏进行的低冲击探索、嗅闻、解题与短时结构化训练；限制反复跳跃与楼梯，避免强迫增加里程和高速急转，提高冲击或强度前请咨询兽医。

The five-minute rule五分钟法则

A conservative rule of thumb—not a medical standard业内通行的保守经验法则，不是医学硬标准

Allow about five minutes of structured lead walking per month of age, once or twice daily. An eight-week-old puppy is about two months old, so the example is about 10 minutes, up to twice a day. Free exploration, sniffing and self-directed movement in the home yard are not counted in this estimate. This is an experience-based guide, not a medical standard; individual needs vary, so ask your veterinarian.每月龄对应约 5 分钟的结构化牵引散步，每天 1–2 次。8 周龄约为 2 月龄，因此示例是约 10 分钟、每天最多 2 次。自由探索、嗅闻和在自家院子里的自主活动不按此计。这是业内通行的保守经验做法，不是医学硬标准；个体差异请咨询兽医。

Before twelve months: limit impact, keep exploration12 月龄前：限制冲击，保留探索

Replace repetitive impact with low-impact, puppy-controlled activity.用低冲击、由幼犬自主控制的活动，替代重复冲击。
Avoid or limit避免或限制	Safer option now现在可做的替代
Repeated stair climbing反复上下楼梯	Level-ground sniffing and exploration平地嗅闻与自由探索
Jumping down from a sofa or vehicle; lift the puppy in and out从沙发或车厢跳下；应抱上抱下	Ground-level shaping and gentle balance work平地塑形与温和的平衡练习
Aerial Frisbee catches and sudden stops飞盘空中接取与急停	Low, controlled toy games without jumping不跳跃的低位、可控玩具游戏
Long-distance running beside a bicycle or with a jogger长距离跟随自行车或慢跑	Short sniffing walks under the puppy-age plan按幼犬月龄安排的短时嗅闻散步
Prolonged running on hard ground硬地长时间奔跑	Short free play on soft ground with a similar-age puppy or friendly adult dog在软地面与同龄幼犬或友善成年犬短时自由玩耍
Repeated high-speed turns and sudden stops反复高速急转与急停	Food searches and calm problem-solving食物搜索与安静解题
Jumping or twisting during highly arousing play高唤起玩耍中的跳跃或扭转	Short, controlled play with all four paws kept low四脚保持低位、短时且可控的玩耍
Forced activity or movement on unstable, slippery surfaces强迫活动，或在不稳、湿滑地面上运动	Calm, puppy-controlled movement on stable footing在稳定地面上由幼犬自主控制的平静活动

Review points after twelve and eighteen months12 与 18 月龄后的开放节点

Age is a review point, not automatic clearance; obtain a veterinary check before adding intensity.月龄只是复查节点，不等于自动解禁；上强度前先做兽医体检。
Stage阶段	What may open gradually可逐步开放	Guardrail保护条件
At about 12 months约 12 月龄	Longer structured walks and easy, low-impact hikes逐步延长结构化散步，并尝试低冲击的轻松徒步	Veterinary review first; do not assume all growth plates have closed.先由兽医复查；不要假设所有生长板已经闭合。
From 12 to 18 months12–18 月龄	Build distance or duration in small steps on forgiving surfaces在较柔和地面上，小幅增加距离或时长	Increase one variable at a time and continue limiting repetitive jumping and sharp turns.每次只增加一个变量，并继续限制反复跳跃和急转。
After about 18 months约 18 月龄后	Condition gradually for running or higher-impact dog sports in a legal, controlled setting可为跑步或合法、受控场地内的较高冲击犬类运动逐步做体能准备	Only after veterinary clearance and progressive conditioning; never tether a dog to a moving bicycle or vehicle.必须先获兽医确认并循序建立体能；绝不把犬系在移动的自行车或车辆上。

German Shepherd training risks grow when a developing puppy's strength and vigilance are repeatedly rewarded in the wrong setup. The answer is early skill-building, controlled exposure and environmental protection—not confrontation.当成长中幼犬的力量与警戒在错误场景里反复得到回报时，德国牧羊犬的训练风险就会增长。解决方向是尽早建立技能、控制接触与保护环境，而不是对峙。

Prevention card 01预防卡 01

Adolescent alert barking at unfamiliar people青春期对陌生人的警戒性吠叫

Why it happens为什么会发生

Guarding tendency can make unfamiliar people highly relevant as adolescence develops. If barking repeatedly creates distance, the behaviour can become the puppy's default strategy.随着青春期发展，守护倾向可能让陌生人变得格外重要。若吠叫反复成功换来距离，这个行为就可能成为幼犬的默认策略。

Early signals早期信号

The puppy scans entrances, closes its mouth, becomes still, shifts weight forward or away, stops taking food, or gives an alert bark as a person appears.幼犬扫描入口、闭嘴、身体静止、重心前压或后移、停止进食，或在人出现时发出警戒吠叫。

Prevent it now现在就该做的预防

Build varied, below-threshold exposure early. Let unfamiliar people remain neutral, reward observation and disengagement, and use distance or a barrier before the puppy needs to bark.尽早安排多样且低于阈值的接触。让陌生人保持中性，奖励观察与主动移开注意，并在幼犬需要吠叫前用距离或隔栏管理。

If it has started已经出现怎么办

Stop the approach, ask the person not to reach or stare, increase distance and reinforce the first calm turn back to the handler. Do not require a greeting to finish the exercise.停止靠近，请对方不伸手、不盯视，增加距离，并强化第一次平静转回训练者；不要求用打招呼完成练习。

When to get professional help何时找专业人士

Seek qualified behaviour help for persistent freezing, lunging, growling, snapping, biting or inability to recover; sudden behaviour change should be assessed by a veterinarian first.持续僵住、扑冲、低吼、空咬、咬人或无法恢复时，请找合格行为专业人士；行为突然改变先由兽医评估。

Prevention card 02预防卡 02

Excess load on a growing large body成长中的大型身体负荷过高

Why it happens为什么会发生

Large-breed growth-plate protection is stricter, while size and enthusiasm can make repeated stairs, jumps and forced exercise look easier than they are for a developing puppy.大型犬的生长板保护要求更严格，但体型与热情可能让反复楼梯、跳跃与强迫运动看起来比实际更轻松。

Early signals早期信号

Furniture jumping or stair rushing becomes a routine route, the puppy slides on turns, movement quality changes, or the puppy becomes reluctant to move or be handled.跳家具或冲楼梯变成固定路线，转向时打滑，动作质量改变，或幼犬开始不愿移动或接受触碰。

Prevent it now现在就该做的预防

Use barriers, stable non-slip level ground and self-paced low-impact activity. Keep repeated jumping and stair access unavailable and ask a veterinarian before adding impact.使用隔离设施与稳定、防滑的平地，安排幼犬自主节奏的低冲击活动。阻止反复跳跃与楼梯通行，提高冲击前咨询兽医。

If it has started已经出现怎么办

Block the repeated route immediately, move daily activities to level ground and stop adding exercise as a training solution. Do not train through discomfort.立即封住反复路线，把日常活动移到平地，并停止用加运动解决训练问题；不要让幼犬带着不适继续练。

When to get professional help何时找专业人士

A sudden change in gait, reluctance to move, apparent pain or unusual handling sensitivity needs veterinary assessment rather than a training fix.步态突然改变、不愿移动、疑似疼痛或操作敏感度异常时，需要兽医评估，不靠训练处理。

Prevention card 03预防卡 03

Grip and pulling become strength contests咬握与牵引变成力量对抗

Why it happens为什么会发生

Strong oral drive and increasing body mass make gripping and pulling highly effective when they keep play moving or deliver access to a destination.较强口欲与不断增加的体重，会让咬握和拉扯在延续游戏或到达目标时变得格外有效。

Early signals早期信号

The puppy grabs the lead or clothing, braces into pressure, ignores Drop, reaches distractions on a tight lead or becomes harder to reorient as movement increases.幼犬抓咬牵引绳或衣物、顶住压力、忽略 Drop、在牵引绳绷紧时仍到达干扰目标，或随着移动增加越来越难重新关注。

Prevent it now现在就该做的预防

Teach Drop and loose-leash walking in easy settings, keep toy games under predictable rules and stop forward access before pulling reaches the desired outcome.在简单环境教 Drop 与松绳行走，让玩具游戏服从可预测规则，并在拉扯到达目标前停止向前通行。

If it has started已经出现怎么办

Stop moving without jerking back, reduce the distraction, use a clear trade for a gripped object and return to the last setup where one cue still worked.不猛拽地停止移动，降低干扰，用清楚交换处理咬住的物品，并退回听一次口令仍有效的上一个场景。

When to get professional help何时找专业人士

Get qualified reward-based help if pulling risks a fall or escape, gripping cannot be interrupted safely, or anyone is being injured.若拉扯可能导致摔倒或逃脱、咬握无法安全中断，或已经有人受伤，请找合格的正向训练专业人士。

Prevention card 04预防卡 04

Alone-time skill never develops独处能力始终没有建立

Why it happens为什么会发生

A puppy selected for close cooperation can spend most of the day beside people. Constant company prevents rehearsal of safe, gradual separation rather than proving the puppy is comfortable alone.为密切协作选育的幼犬很容易整天待在人旁边。持续陪伴只会阻止安全、渐进的分离练习，并不能证明幼犬能够舒适独处。

Early signals早期信号

The puppy shadows every movement, cannot settle behind a barrier, reacts to departure preparations or shows rising distress as soon as the person disappears.幼犬紧跟人的每个动作、无法在隔栏后安定、对离开准备产生反应，或人在视线外后困扰迅速上升。

Prevent it now现在就该做的预防

Practise very easy separation while needs are met, record the puppy, return before distress rises and vary departure signals gradually rather than stacking them together.在需求已满足时练习非常容易的分离，录像观察，在困扰升高前回来；逐步变化离开信号，不把所有信号一次叠加。

If it has started已经出现怎么办

Stop testing longer absences, return to the last separation step that remained settled and rebuild from recorded evidence rather than leaving the puppy to escalate.停止测试更长离开，退回录像中幼犬仍能安定的上一个分离步骤，并以记录为依据重建，不把幼犬单独留下任其升级。

When to get professional help何时找专业人士

Seek veterinary and qualified behaviour support if distress is intense, begins immediately, includes escape attempts or self-injury, or does not improve with careful below-threshold practice.若困扰强烈、立即出现、伴随逃脱尝试或自伤，或细致进行阈值以下练习仍无改善，请同时寻求兽医与合格行为专业人士支持。

For a puppy, use actual age and emotional state, not the calendar alone. If the breed introduction restarts this plan for an adult rehome, use the listed skills as staged work across the first 16 weeks after arrival and keep puppy-only biological figures separate. Tick a row only after a calm pass; if sleep, toileting or confidence slips, return to the easier stage. 幼犬按实际月龄与情绪状态推进，不只看日历。若品种导言要求成年领养犬重新起算本计划，就把所列技能作为到家后第一个 16 周的分阶段任务，并把仅适用于幼犬的生理数字分开理解。平静达标后才勾选；若睡眠、如厕或信心倒退，就回到更容易的阶段。

One row per week · tick the final column only after a calm pass每周一行 · 平静达标后再勾选最后一列
This week’s focus本周重点	Training skills训练技能	Socialisation task社会化任务	Enrichment & rest丰容与休息	Progress check达标自查
8 weeks8 周 Build rhythm: toileting, crate and name.建立作息：如厕、笼箱与名字。	Charge the marker; reward name response and happy crate entry.完成标记充电；奖励名字回应与主动进笼。	Keep exposure at home with calm people, household surfaces and choice. Follow the first fear-period red lines.社会化限于家中，接触平静的人与家居地面，全程给选择；遵守第一恐惧期红线。	Schedule at least two enforced naps, food searches and a safe chew; protect 18–20 hours of daily sleep.每天至少安排 2 次强制午睡、找食与安全啃咬；保护每日 18–20 小时睡眠。	Toileting and sleep logs started; puppy turns to the name in a quiet room.已开始如厕与睡眠记录；安静房间里叫名字会回头。
9 weeks9 周 Make the marker reliable and keep the routine predictable.让标记变可靠，并保持作息可预测。	Begin Sit and Down in one- to three-minute sessions.用每次 1–3 分钟的短训开始 Sit 与 Down。	Pair household sounds with food; begin with the vacuum cleaner switched off, then operating far away.家中声音配对食物；吸尘器从关机静止开始，再到远距离开机。	Use one brief group-appropriate outlet from Chapter 17 that fits the puppy's current developmental stage; begin on a cue and stop while the puppy remains responsive. Any adulthood-only or professionally guided item stays in the future plan.从第 17 章选择一项符合分组且适合幼犬当前发育阶段的短时出口；听口令开始，并在幼犬仍能回应时结束。仅限成年后或需专业指导的项目仍留在未来计划中。	The marker predicts food and the puppy can perform the first step of Sit and Down.标记已经能预告食物；幼犬能完成 Sit 与 Down 的第一步。
10 weeks10 周 Add tiny pauses without adding pressure.加入极短等待，不增加压力。	Begin Wait at the food bowl and doorway; start alone time at one minute or less.在饭碗与门口开始 Wait；独处从 1 分钟或更短开始。	Watch the street while being carried or from the car for five minutes at an eating distance.抱着或坐在车里看街景 5 分钟，并保持在仍能吃食的距离。	Use a short scatter feed after watching movement, then return home for sleep.看完移动刺激后做一次短时撒食嗅闻，再回家睡觉。	The puppy waits one second and stays relaxed through a one-minute separation.幼犬能等 1 秒，并在 1 分钟分开期间保持放松。
11 weeks11 周 Finish the fear-period window with choice and recovery.用选择与恢复平稳走完恐惧期。	Begin Go to mat by marking an approach, then one paw and four paws.开始 Go to mat：靠近就标记，再推进到一只脚与四只脚上垫。	Meet one fully vaccinated, temperamentally stable dog at a friend’s clean home; allow either puppy to leave.在朋友家干净环境会面一只免疫完整、性格稳定的犬；双方都可随时离开。	Follow the meeting with chewing, quiet decompression and a nap; review any fear response and recovery time.会面后安排啃咬、安静降压与睡眠；复盘任何恐惧反应与恢复时间。	The puppy can place all four paws on the mat and recover promptly after the planned meeting.幼犬能四脚上垫，并能在计划会面后较快恢复。
12 weeks12 周 Move foundation skills toward the front door.把基础技能从室内推进到门口。	Begin Leave it; progress lead practice from indoors to the doorway.开始 Leave it；牵引练习从室内推进到门口。	Join a reward-based puppy class only when the veterinarian’s vaccination and local-risk requirements are met.只有符合兽医对疫苗与本地风险的要求时，才参加正向幼犬社会化班。	Review the frequency and context of hard mouthing, schedule naps and provide safe teething items.复查重咬出现的频率与情境，安排午睡并提供安全换牙啃咬物。	The puppy disengages from a closed hand and takes several loose-lead steps at the doorway.幼犬会放弃闭合手里的食物，并能在门口松绳走几步。
13 weeks13 周 Teach safe exchange and begin controlled distance.教会安全交换，并开始受控距离练习。	Begin Drop by trading and returning safe objects; start recall on a long line.用交换并归还安全物品开始 Drop；用长绳开始唤回。	Add different surfaces and moving objects at an eating distance, one new variable at a time.在仍能吃食的距离加入不同地面与移动物体，每次只增加一个新变量。	Use a food puzzle or frozen filled toy after training and protect recovery sleep.训练后安排食物益智玩具或冷冻填充玩具，并保护恢复性睡眠。	The puppy trades a safe object without tension and returns on the long line in a quiet area.幼犬能放松交换安全物品，并在安静区域用长绳完成唤回。
14 weeks14 周 Generalise instead of making one location harder.先做泛化，不急着把单一地点变难。	Re-teach one known cue in the living room, yard and a friend’s home; return to easy criteria each time.把一个已会指令分别在客厅、院子与朋友家重教；每到新地点都退回简单标准。	Take one secured five-minute car ride that ends somewhere calm and pleasant.完成一次使用安全约束的 5 分钟车程，并在安静愉快的地点结束。	If toileting regresses, restore the earlier outing frequency instead of adding freedom.若如厕倒退，恢复之前更高的带出频率，不增加活动自由。	One learned cue succeeds at easy criteria in all three locations.一个已学指令能在三个地点都按简单标准成功完成。
15 weeks15 周 Add one distraction while keeping the other two Ds easy.只增加一个干扰，并把另外两个 D 保持简单。	Add a mild distraction to one known cue; practise Settle for ten minutes.给一个已会指令增加轻度干扰；练习 10 分钟 Settle。	Make a veterinary-clinic happy visit for treats only, with no examination or forced handling.去兽医院做一次只吃零食、不看病也不强迫操作的快乐拜访。	Use sniffing before Settle, reward slower breathing and finish with uninterrupted sleep.Settle 前先嗅闻，奖励呼吸变慢，并以不被打扰的睡眠结束。	The puppy can soften its body and slow breathing during the ten-minute Settle practice.幼犬能在 10 分钟 Settle 练习中放松身体并减慢呼吸。
16 weeks16 周 Audit the foundation and plan the next stage.盘点地基，并规划下一阶段。	Review all eight core cues at easy criteria and note which need re-teaching.按简单标准复查八项基础指令，并记下需要重教的项目。	Audit the socialisation checklist for quality, recovery and missing categories rather than chasing a total.按体验质量、恢复速度与缺失类别盘点社会化清单，不追求只凑总数。	Prepare the four- to six-month teething plan and the adolescence plan before routines change.在作息变化前，先制定 4–6 月换牙期与青春期预案。	The eight-cue review and socialisation audit are recorded with a written next-stage plan.已记录八项指令复查与社会化盘点，并写好下一阶段计划。
8 weeks8 周	Begin broad, below-threshold socialisation and reward calm observation of unfamiliar people without requiring a greeting.开始广泛且低于阈值的社会化，奖励平静观察陌生人，不要求打招呼。
12 weeks12 周	Link loose-leash walking and Drop practice: forward access and toy play continue only while the puppy remains cooperative.把松绳行走与 Drop 练习联系起来：只有幼犬保持合作时，向前通行与玩具游戏才继续。
15 weeks15 周	Review recorded alone-time practice and advance only from the last separation step that remained settled throughout.复查独处录像，只从幼犬全程保持安定的上一个分离步骤继续推进。

After 16 weeks16 周之后

4–6 months4–6 月龄 Teething period换牙期

Increase legal chewing, protect sleep, manage furniture access and expect mouthing to fluctuate without abandoning the training plan.增加合法啃咬、保护睡眠、管理家具接触；咬嘴频率可能波动，但不要放弃原训练计划。

6–12 months6–12 月龄 Adolescence and the second fear period青春期与第二恐惧期

Expect temporary “deafness,” reduce criteria in new places and respond to sudden caution with distance and choice rather than pressure.预期出现暂时「失聪」；在新地点降低标准，突然变谨慎时用距离与选择回应，不强迫。

Recall safety pathway唤回安全路线 Long-line proof before any off-lead decision任何脱绳决定前先用长绳验证

Keep physical management in place around real distractions. Some breed or group profiles require lifelong long-line use or prohibit off-lead access outside secure fencing; those red lines override this general progression. For any other dog, suitability still depends on observed reliability, Chapter 16 group guidance and local rules, and off-lead work belongs only in legal settings.面对真实干扰时始终保留物理管理。有些品种或分组要求终身使用长绳，或禁止在牢固围栏外脱绳；这些红线优先于通用进程。其他犬只是否适合脱绳，也仍须按实际可靠度、第 16 章分组指引与地方法规判断，并且只在合法场地进行。

Formal learning正式课程 Choose reward-based progression选择正向、可渐进的课程

Continue puppy or adolescent classes that group appropriately, teach the handler, manage play and use no punishment tools.继续选择分组合理、会教主人、能管理玩耍且不使用惩罚工具的幼犬或青春期课程。

12–18 months12–18 月龄 Open exercise gradually逐步开放运动强度

Ask the veterinarian to assess growth and fitness before adding repetitive jumping, running or higher-impact work in a legal, controlled setting. Never tether a dog to a moving bicycle or vehicle.增加重复跳跃、跑步或合法受控场地内的其他高冲击运动前，先让兽医评估生长与体能；绝不把犬系在移动的自行车或车辆上。

This week本周行动

Do these three things本周就做这三件事

Print the table and mark the puppy’s current age—or the adult rehome’s current after-arrival stage where the breed introduction requires it—then tick only calm passes already demonstrated.打印主表，标出幼犬当前周龄；若品种导言要求成年领养犬重新起算，则标出当前到家阶段。只勾选已经平静完成的达标项。
Schedule three one- to three-minute training sessions and the protected naps needed around them.排好 3 次每次 1–3 分钟的短训，并同时安排前后的保护性睡眠。
Write the next roadmap checkpoint and one vaccination, exercise or growth question to ask the veterinarian.写下路线图里的下一个节点，以及一个要问兽医的疫苗、运动或生长问题。

Start with sleep, health, management and difficulty. What looks like disobedience is usually a puppy whose needs, environment or training step do not yet match the task.先检查睡眠、健康、环境管理与训练难度。看似「不听话」，通常只是幼犬的需求、环境或当前训练步骤还没与任务匹配。

Question 01问题 01

My puppy bites hands hard enough to draw blood咬手咬到流血怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

Overtiredness, over-arousal, teething discomfort or bite-inhibition practice that has become too intense.过度疲劳、过度唤起、换牙不适，或咬合力练习已经激烈到无法学习。

What to do today今天怎么做

End interaction calmly for 3–5 seconds after a painful bite; do not hit, hold the muzzle or yell.咬痛后平静停止互动 3–5 秒；不打、不捏嘴、不吼。
Redirect to a soft, safe toy or chilled teething toy before hands become the target.在手成为目标前，转向柔软、安全的玩具或冷藏换牙玩具。
Schedule the next protected nap and shorten the next play period.立刻安排下一段不受打扰的午睡，并缩短下一次玩耍。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

Bites are puncturing skin repeatedly, the body becomes stiff before biting, handling triggers the bite, or the behaviour changes suddenly; arrange veterinary assessment and qualified behaviour help.反复咬穿皮肤、咬前身体僵住、触碰身体就咬，或行为突然改变；请先做兽医评估并找合格行为专业人士。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 02问题 02

My puppy cries through the night半夜一直叫怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

A toilet need, a crate placed too far from the family, an abrupt first-night transition or too much daytime sleep disruption.需要如厕、笼箱离家人太远、第一晚过渡过急，或白天睡眠被打乱。

What to do today今天怎么做

Place the crate beside the bed and make the final toilet trip quiet and predictable.把笼箱放在床边，最后一次如厕保持安静、流程固定。
If the cry begins suddenly with circling or scratching, take the puppy out on lead for a silent toilet trip, then return directly.若叫声突然出现并伴随转圈或刨抓，用牵引绳安静带去如厕，完成后直接回笼。
Protect daytime naps and avoid exciting play immediately before bedtime.保护白天午睡，睡前不做高兴奋玩耍。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

Crying comes with vomiting, diarrhoea, pain, breathing difficulty, persistent drooling, frantic escape attempts or self-injury; contact a veterinarian promptly.叫声伴随呕吐、腹泻、疼痛、呼吸异常、持续流口水、疯狂逃脱或自伤；请尽快联系兽医。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 03问题 03

My puppy howls as soon as the crate door closes一放笼就嚎怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

The crate plan advanced too quickly, the crate predicts isolation, or a basic need was not met before the door closed.笼箱步骤推进太快、笼箱已经预告被隔离，或关门前基本需求尚未满足。

What to do today今天怎么做

Return to open-door food games and one full meal with the door open.退回开门丢食游戏，并在门开着时吃完一整餐。
After toileting, close the door for only three seconds, then open it while the puppy is still calm. Repeat.如厕后只关门 3 秒，并在幼犬仍平静时打开，然后重复。
Record the session so you can distinguish brief protest from escalating panic.录像记录，区分短暂抗议与持续升级的恐慌。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

The puppy drools, paces continuously, damages the door, eliminates despite having toileted, cannot eat or risks injury when left.独处时流口水、持续踱步、破坏门栓、刚如厕仍排泄、无法进食或有受伤风险。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 04问题 04

My puppy jumps on every person见人就扑怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

Jumping has repeatedly produced eye contact, touch or excited speech, so human attention is reinforcing it.扑人反复换来了眼神、触摸或兴奋说话，因此人的关注正在强化扑跳。

What to do today今天怎么做

Use a gate or lead so the puppy cannot rehearse jumping during greetings.迎接时用门挡或牵引绳，先阻止扑跳被反复练习。
Remove attention while paws are up; mark and reward the instant all four paws touch the floor.前脚抬起时撤走关注；四脚落地瞬间标记并奖励。
Ask visitors to approach only while four paws stay down and to step away if jumping restarts.请访客只在四脚落地时靠近；再次扑跳就退开。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

Greeting includes a hard stare, stiff body, growling, snapping, fearful retreat or bites, or adults cannot safely manage contact.迎接伴随死盯、身体僵硬、低吼、空咬、恐惧退缩或咬人，或成人无法安全管理接触。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 05问题 05

Toilet training has suddenly gone backwards在家乱尿倒退怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

The interval became too long, supervision loosened, the environment changed, adolescence began, or there is a health issue.外出间隔拉得太长、监督放松、环境变化、进入青春期，或存在健康问题。

What to do today今天怎么做

Return to the previous successful schedule—typically every 45–60 minutes while awake and after every trigger event.退回上一个成功频率——清醒时通常每 45–60 分钟一次，并覆盖六个必带时刻。
Record every meal, trip, success and accident for three days.连续三天记录每次进食、外出、成功与意外。
Clean accidents with enzyme cleaner and restore close supervision or a smaller managed area.用酶清洁剂处理意外，并恢复贴身监督或缩小活动区。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

Urination is frequent or painful, there is blood, unusual thirst, lethargy, diarrhoea or a sudden unexplained change; see a veterinarian first.排尿频繁或疼痛、出现血液、异常口渴、精神差、腹泻，或突然发生无法解释的变化；先看兽医。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 06问题 06

My puppy will not eat or seems fussy不吃饭或挑食怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

Illness must be excluded first; other possibilities include stress, too many treats, frequent food changes or meals offered all day.必须先排除健康问题；其他可能包括压力、零食过多、频繁换粮或全天摆着食物。

What to do today今天怎么做

Check energy, drinking, vomiting, diarrhoea, pain and the time of the last normal meal.检查精神、饮水、呕吐、腹泻、疼痛与上次正常进食时间。
Offer the usual measured food at set mealtimes and count training food within the daily ration.固定餐时提供原本的定量食物，训练用粮计入每日总量。
Contact your veterinarian for advice rather than repeatedly changing foods or adding rich toppers.联系兽医获取意见，不要反复换粮或不断添加高诱惑拌料。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

A young puppy misses meals, becomes lethargic, cannot keep water down, has diarrhoea, seems painful or loses weight; seek veterinary advice promptly.低龄幼犬漏餐、精神变差、喝水也吐、腹泻、疑似疼痛或体重下降；请尽快咨询兽医。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 07问题 07

My puppy destroys furniture and the house拆家咬家具怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

Too much unsupervised access, teething, unmet chewing and sniffing needs, sleep debt, or distress when alone.无监督活动范围过大、换牙、咀嚼与嗅闻需求未满足、睡眠债，或独处时出现痛苦。

What to do today今天怎么做

Block access with a pen or gate and remove the item before the puppy can rehearse chewing it.用围栏或门挡缩小范围，在幼犬再次练习前移走目标物。
Place two safe chewing options in the managed area and trade calmly whenever the wrong item is taken.在管理区放两种安全咀嚼物，拿错东西时平静交换。
Add one short sniffing task and a protected nap; record alone time to check for distress.增加一次短嗅闻任务与一段不受打扰的午睡；录像检查独处时是否崩溃。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

The puppy may have swallowed material, is vomiting, cannot pass stool, damages doors only when alone, drools or risks self-injury.可能吞下异物、出现呕吐或无法排便，或只在独处时破坏门口、流口水、有自伤风险。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 08问题 08

My puppy lies down and will not walk outside一出门就趴地不走怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

The environment is too intense, the surface or equipment feels unfamiliar, the puppy is tired, or movement is uncomfortable.环境强度过高、地面或装备陌生、幼犬疲劳，或移动时不舒服。

What to do today今天怎么做

Do not drag the lead. Stop, soften the lead and let the puppy observe from a safe distance.不要拖拽。停下、放松绳子，让幼犬在安全距离观察。
Reward one voluntary look or step, then finish after a very short successful outing.奖励一次主动看向你或主动迈步，并在极短的成功出行后收工。
Check harness fit, heat and ground temperature, and practise again in an easier location.检查胸背合身度、天气与地面温度，再换到更简单的地点练习。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

For limping, pain, sudden refusal or suspected heat stress, stop the activity and contact a veterinarian promptly; suspected heatstroke is urgent. After physical causes are excluded, seek qualified behaviour assessment for extreme fear or failure to recover after leaving the trigger.若出现跛行、疼痛、突然拒绝或疑似热应激，立刻停止活动并尽快联系兽医；疑似中暑属于紧急情况。排除身体原因后，若仍有极端恐惧或离开刺激后无法恢复，再找合格行为专业人士评估。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 09问题 09

My puppy screams and pulls when another dog appears见到别的狗就尖叫拉扯怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

Excitement or worry has crossed the learning threshold, greetings have become an expectation, and the distance is too small.兴奋或担忧已越过学习阈值、见狗就能打招呼已成预期，而且距离太近。

What to do today今天怎么做

Turn away early and create enough distance that the puppy can eat and respond.提前转向并拉开距离，直到幼犬能吃、能回应。
Mark one calm look at the dog, then reward the return of attention to you.平静看狗一次就标记，再奖励回头看你。
Pause on-lead greetings and replace them with short observation sessions or parallel walking.暂停牵引状态下直接打招呼，改为短时观察或平行散步。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

The puppy freezes, growls, lunges, snaps, redirects onto the handler or cannot recover after the other dog leaves.幼犬僵住、低吼、猛冲、空咬、转而咬牵绳人，或对方离开后仍无法恢复。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 10问题 10

My puppy is afraid of the vacuum or thunder怕吸尘器或雷声怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

The sound or movement arrived above threshold, escape was limited, or forced exposure strengthened the fear.声音或移动强度超过阈值、退路受限，或强迫暴露加深了恐惧。

What to do today今天怎么做

Stop the exposure and provide a quiet safe room with a genuine exit choice.停止暴露，提供安静安全屋，并保留真实退路。
For controllable sounds, begin later at a barely noticeable volume and pair each sound with food.对可控声音，之后从几乎听不见的音量开始，每次声音都配对食物。
During real storms, reduce light and sound, offer a familiar chew if the puppy can eat, and do not force contact.真实雷雨时降低光线与噪声；若幼犬能吃则提供熟悉咀嚼物，不强迫接触。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

Fear causes escape attempts, shaking that does not settle, refusal of all food, self-injury or prolonged inability to recover.恐惧导致逃脱、持续发抖、完全拒食、自伤，或长时间无法恢复。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 11问题 11

My puppy steals items, will not return them and growls抢东西不给还低吼怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

Resource guarding is developing because possession predicts pursuit, grabbing, removal or conflict.资源占有正在形成，因为拿到东西之后总会预告追赶、强抢、失去资源或冲突。

What to do today今天怎么做

Growling is already a red flag. The steps below are immediate safety management while you arrange qualified help, not a do-it-yourself behaviour-modification plan.低吼本身已经是红旗信号。以下仅是等待专业帮助期间的即时安全管理，不是自行行为矫正方案。

Do not chase, corner, reach into the mouth or punish the growl.不追、不堵角落、不把手伸进嘴里，也不惩罚低吼。
From a safe distance, toss several higher-value treats away from the item and pick it up only after the puppy moves away.在安全距离把数块更高价值食物抛离物品，等幼犬主动离开后才捡起。
Prevent access to valuable hazards and practise Drop only with low-value objects the puppy willingly trades.收好高价值危险物，只用幼犬愿意交换的低价值物练 Drop。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

There is freezing, hard staring, growling, lip lifting, snapping, guarding of food or space, or any bite; stop testing and seek qualified help.出现僵住、死盯、低吼、抬唇、空咬、护食护地盘或任何咬人；停止测试并找合格专业人士。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Question 12问题 12

My puppy ignores the recall cue唤回不回来怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

The cue has been repeated without consequence, predicts the end of fun, or is being tested against distractions before it is ready.口令被反复喊却没有结果、回来总意味着乐趣结束，或尚未稳定就面对过强干扰。

What to do today今天怎么做

Attach a 5–10 metre long line to a Y-shaped harness only in a safe area set well back from traffic, use a short lead beside roads, and stop testing recall off lead.5–10 米长绳只连接 Y 型胸背，并只在远离车流的安全区域使用；路边使用短绳，并停止脱绳测试唤回。
Rebuild indoors with one cue, rapid movement away, three excellent rewards and a collar touch.在室内重建：口令只说一次，快速向后移动，给三份高价值奖励并摸项圈。
Release the puppy back to play after at least half of successful recalls; protect the emergency word.至少一半成功唤回后再次放去玩，并保护紧急唤回词不用作日常口令。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

The puppy moves into danger, escapes management, or recall failure creates an immediate public-safety risk.幼犬冲向危险、能逃脱管理，或唤回失败已造成即时公共安全风险。

If two weeks of consistent implementation brings no improvement, or you see freezing, growling or a bite that leaves a mark, follow Chapter 24 and seek professional help.如果两周认真执行仍无改善，或出现僵住、低吼、咬人留痕，请照第 24 章找专业人士。

Breed question品种追加问

My German Shepherd puppy barks when an unfamiliar person appears—should they offer a hand?德国牧羊犬幼犬看到陌生人就叫，对方应该伸手吗？

Most likely cause最可能原因

The person is already socially important enough to trigger vigilance, and reaching closer may add pressure when the puppy needs distance and a predictable outcome.这个陌生人已经重要到足以触发警戒；幼犬需要距离与可预测结果时，继续伸手只会增加压力。

What to do today今天怎么做

Ask the person to stop, turn slightly away and avoid reaching or staring.请对方停下、稍微侧身，不伸手也不盯视。
Increase distance or move behind a barrier until the puppy can eat, observe and turn back to you.增加距离或转到隔栏后，直到幼犬能进食、观察并转回你。
Reward calm orientation and disengagement, then end without requiring contact.奖励平静关注与主动移开注意，随后不要求接触就结束。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

Persistent freezing, lunging, growling, snapping, biting or failure to recover needs qualified behaviour help; sudden change needs veterinary assessment first.持续僵住、扑冲、低吼、空咬、咬人或无法恢复时，需要合格行为专业人士；行为突然改变先由兽医评估。

Breed question品种追加问

My puppy grabs the lead and pulls harder when I pull back—what should I do?幼犬咬住牵引绳，我一回拉它就更用力，怎么办？

Most likely cause最可能原因

Opposing pressure has turned the interaction into a gripping and pulling contest, while movement and access keep arousal high.相反方向的压力把互动变成了咬握与拉扯对抗，移动与通行又让唤起持续偏高。

What to do today今天怎么做

Stop moving without jerking the lead and reduce the nearby distraction.不猛拽地停止移动，并降低附近干扰。
Use the trained trade or Drop at an easier level, then reinforce reorientation beside you.在更容易的难度使用练过的交换或 Drop，再强化回到你身边重新关注。
Resume on an easier route where loose lead—not pulling—reliably opens forward access.换到更简单路线，确保松绳而不是拉扯能稳定换来向前通行。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

Get qualified reward-based help if pulling risks a fall or escape, lead grabbing cannot be interrupted safely, or anyone is being injured.若拉扯可能导致摔倒或逃脱、咬牵引绳无法安全中断，或已经有人受伤，请找合格的正向训练专业人士。

Breed question品种追加问

My puppy follows me everywhere and cannot settle when I leave the room—how do I start alone-time work?幼犬到处跟着我，我一离开房间就无法安定，独处该怎么开始？

Most likely cause最可能原因

Constant proximity has become the only practised routine, so the current separation step is larger than the puppy can complete while settled.持续贴近已经成了唯一练过的流程，因此当前分离步骤大到幼犬无法在安定状态下完成。

What to do today今天怎么做

Meet toileting and rest needs, then record one very easy separation behind a barrier or at a small change in distance.先满足如厕与休息需求，再录像记录一次隔栏或轻微增加距离的非常容易分离。
Return before distress rises and review the recording for the earliest change in posture, movement or vocalising.在困扰升高前回来，并复看录像中姿势、移动或发声最早出现的变化。
Repeat only the step that stayed settled; vary one departure signal at a time rather than extending absence by guesswork.只重复能保持安定的步骤；每次只变化一个离开信号，不靠猜测延长离开。

When professional help is needed何时需要专业支持

Seek veterinary and qualified behaviour support if distress is intense, immediate, includes escape attempts or self-injury, or does not improve with careful below-threshold practice.若困扰强烈、立即出现、伴随逃脱尝试或自伤，或细致进行阈值以下练习仍无改善，请同时寻求兽医与合格行为专业人士支持。

Use these six sheets in the browser or print blank copies for handwriting. They are working records, not a test of whether you are a “good” owner.这六张表可直接在网页填写，也可打印空白副本手写。它们用于找规律，不是给主人打「好坏」分。

Browser entries are temporary and are not saved after a refresh; printed copies always show blank writing lines and empty boxes.网页填写内容仅供本次使用，刷新后不会保存；打印副本始终显示空白手写行与空勾选框。

Sheet 01 · Training log表 01 · 训练日志

Fourteen sessions: record what happened and make the next step smaller and clearer共 14 次训练：记录实际发生了什么，并把下一步变得更小、更清楚
Date日期	Skill技能	Location地点	Duration时长	Success rate成功率	Next step下一步

Sheet 02 · One-week toilet record表 02 · 一周如厕记录

Two starter lines per day; print another copy when you need more events每天提供两行起始记录；事件更多时可加印一份
Day天	Date日期	Time时间	Outdoor success户外成功	Indoor accident室内意外	Last meal上次进食
Day 1第 1 天
Day 1第 1 天
Day 2第 2 天
Day 2第 2 天
Day 3第 3 天
Day 3第 3 天
Day 4第 4 天
Day 4第 4 天
Day 5第 5 天
Day 5第 5 天
Day 6第 6 天
Day 6第 6 天
Day 7第 7 天
Day 7第 7 天

Sheet 03 · Socialisation summary表 03 · 社会化汇总

Use Chapter 15 for the full 60-item checklist; this sheet records weekly progress and the experiences that need a gentler repeat.完整 60 项清单见第 15 章；本表只汇总每周进度与需要降低强度重做的项目。

Checklist rows are records, not owner-run live tests. If the breed profile requires professional assessment before exposure to cats or small animals, leave those rows untested and unscored, keep secure separation and record the management plan until the professional directs the next step.清单行是记录项，不是由主人自行实施的活体测试。若品种档案要求接触猫或小动物前由专业人士评估，这些项目应保持「未测试、不计分」，维持牢固隔离并记录管理方案，直到专业人士指示下一步。

Weekly totals and lower-intensity repeats每周完成数与降低强度重做项
Week or dates周次或日期	Items completed完成项目数	Items to repeat需要重做的项目	Lower-intensity plan降低强度方案

Sheet 04 · Sleep and arousal observation表 04 · 睡眠与唤起观察

One week: compare estimated sleep with over-arousal events连续一周：对照估算睡眠与过度唤起次数
Date日期	Estimated total sleep总睡眠估计	Over-arousal events过度唤起次数	Trigger and recovery触发事件与恢复

Sheet 05 · Eight core cues in three locations表 05 · 八项指令三地点达标勾选

Tick only after one cue succeeds without visible food in that location仅在该地点看不到食物、一次口令成功后勾选
Cue指令	Living room客厅	Backyard后院	New location新地点
Sit坐
Down趴
Come唤回
Wait等一下
Leave it别碰
Drop吐出来
Go to mat上垫子
Settle安定

Sheet 06 · Sixteen-week review表 06 · 16 周总检核

This review follows puppy development. For an adult rehome whose breed introduction restarts the clock after arrival, review behaviour records against the current after-arrival stage; leave puppy-only biological items blank and record them as not applicable alongside the review rather than forcing them onto the adult dog.本总检核按幼犬发育编排。若品种导读要求成年再安置犬到家后重新起算，应按当前「到家后阶段」复核行为记录；只适用于幼犬的生理发育项目留空，并在复核记录旁标注「不适用」，不要强套在成年犬身上。

“Not yet” is a planning answer: return to the linked skill and lower the difficulty「尚未」是规划答案：回到对应技能并降低难度
Review item检核项目	Yes是	Not yet尚未
Predictable toilet rhythm with accidents becoming uncommon如厕节奏可预测，室内意外已很少
Can rest calmly in the crate or pen for a protected nap能在笼箱或围栏内平静完成午睡
Can be alone for 30 minutes on video without sustained distress录像中能独处 30 分钟且无持续崩溃
Responds to the name once in moderate indoor distraction室内中等干扰下叫一次名字能回应
Recall succeeds on a long line in the backyard at least nine times out of ten后院长绳唤回十次至少成功九次
All eight core cues have a documented starting level八项基础指令都有已记录的当前水平
Can walk for two minutes on a loose lead near home能在家门口附近松绳走 2 分钟
Socialisation checklist has been reviewed for gaps and difficult items已盘点社会化清单的缺项与困难项
Daily routine includes independent enrichment and deliberate recovery日常作息包含独立丰容与主动恢复
A plan exists for teething, adolescence, the second fear period and exercise limits已制定换牙、青春期、第二恐惧期与运动限制预案

Professional help is not a last resort. It is the correct next step whenever safety, health or a puppy’s ability to recover is in doubt.找专业人士不是「最后一招」。只要安全、健康或幼犬恢复能力存在疑问，求助就是正确的下一步。

Red flags · act now红旗清单 · 现在就行动

Stop testing the behaviour and arrange help停止自行测试，并安排专业支持

Freezing, growling, showing teeth, snapping or any bite that leaves a mark toward a person or another dog.对人或狗出现僵住、低吼、龇牙、空咬，或任何留下痕迹的咬伤。
Alone-time collapse lasting more than a few minutes: howling, drooling, damaging doors, eliminating despite toileting or self-injury.独处崩溃持续超过数分钟：嚎叫、流口水、破坏门口、刚如厕仍排泄或自伤。
Compulsive repetition that is difficult to interrupt, or self-directed behaviour that causes injury or hair loss.难以中断的强迫性重复，或已经造成受伤、脱毛的自我指向行为。
Extreme fear of a particular trigger with little or no recovery after the trigger has gone.对特定刺激极端恐惧，刺激离开后仍很难或完全无法恢复。
Escalating guarding of food, toys, resting places or stolen items.对食物、玩具、休息区或偷到物品的占有行为持续升级。
Behaviour keeps worsening after two weeks of correct, consistent management and training.正确且一致执行管理与训练两周后，行为仍持续恶化。
Any sudden behaviour change—see a veterinarian first to rule out pain or illness.任何行为突变——先看兽医，排除疼痛与疾病。

Who to call, in this order找什么人：按这个顺序

Veterinarian · first stop兽医 · 第一站 Rule out pain, illness, sensory changes and other medical contributors before treating a behaviour as “training only.”先排除疼痛、疾病、感官变化与其他医学因素，不要把行为直接当成「只需训练」。
Qualified positive-reinforcement trainer具备资质的正向训犬师 Look for positive-reinforcement credentials and professional commitments such as Delta Institute (Delta Society Australia) certification or Pet Professional Guild Australia (PPGA) membership.寻找以正向强化为纲领的资质与专业承诺，例如 Delta Institute（Delta Society Australia）认证或 Pet Professional Guild Australia（PPGA）成员。
Veterinary behaviour specialist兽医行为专科 For anxiety, fear, compulsive behaviour or aggression, ask your veterinarian for referral to a veterinary behaviourist who can combine behaviour care with medical assessment when appropriate.涉及焦虑、恐惧、强迫或攻击时，请兽医转诊兽医行为专科；在适合的情况下，对方可结合行为方案与医疗评估。

Perth general resources珀斯本地一般资源

Use the aftercare contact page—no stale phone numbers here统一查看售后联系页，不在本手册放可能过期的电话

The FluffyWA aftercare page points to Perth 24-hour emergency hospitals, RSPCA WA, Dogs’ Refuge Home and local council dog-management resources. Check the current details before travelling.FluffyWA 售后页汇总珀斯 24 小时急诊医院、RSPCA WA、Dogs’ Refuge Home 与各 council 犬只管理资源；出发前请核对最新信息。

Open /aftercare打开 /aftercare

This week本周行动

Do these three things本周就做这三件事

Save your veterinarian’s current contact details and the route to your nearest appropriate emergency hospital.保存兽医的最新联系方式，并确认前往最近合适急诊医院的路线。
Shortlist one Delta Institute certified trainer or PPGA member who uses positive reinforcement, and ask all three interview questions.筛选一位具备 Delta Institute 认证或为 PPGA 成员的正向训犬师，并问完三个面试问题。
Write down any red-flag behaviour with its trigger, duration and recovery, then share the record with the professional.记录任何红旗行为的触发源、持续时间与恢复过程，并把记录交给专业人士。

Train the dog in front of you: protect sleep, lower difficulty, reinforce the behaviour you want and ask for help early.训练眼前这只犬：保护睡眠、降低难度、强化你想要的行为，并在需要时尽早求助。

Edition版次

Edition 2026-072026-07 版

Prepared by FluffyWA Pty Ltd · Southern River, Western Australia.FluffyWA Pty Ltd 编写 · 西澳大利亚州 Southern River。

Sister handbooks姊妹手册

Continue with care, health and local guidance继续查看照护、健康与本地信息

Puppy guide幼犬指南 Aftercare handbook售后手册

FluffyWA linksFluffyWA 链接

Bookings and main site预约与主站

TelegramTelegram FluffyWA main siteFluffyWA 主站

Disclaimer免责声明

General education, not individual diagnosis or treatment一般教育信息，不替代个体诊断与治疗

This manual provides general puppy training and behaviour-management guidance based on positive-reinforcement training practice. It does not constitute a veterinary diagnosis, medical advice or a behavioural-medicine treatment plan, nor does it constitute any contract or service guarantee. Every dog is different; for matters involving health, fear, aggression or compulsive behaviour, consult your veterinarian or a qualified behaviour professional. Follow your veterinarian’s advice on exercise, vaccination and outings.本手册提供一般性的幼犬训练与行为管理指导，基于正向强化训练实践，不构成兽医诊断、医疗建议或行为医学治疗方案，也不构成任何合同或服务保证。每只犬只情况不同；涉及健康、恐惧、攻击或强迫行为，请咨询你的兽医或具备资质的行为专业人士。运动量、疫苗与外出安排请以你的兽医意见为准。

German Shepherd Puppy Training Manual — From 8 Weeks 德国牧羊犬幼犬训练手册 · 八周龄起

German Shepherd Puppy Training ManualFrom 8 Weeks 德国牧羊犬幼犬训练手册八周龄起

Choose your reading path选择你的阅读路径

The puppy arrived today今天刚把幼犬接回家

The puppy has been home for two weeks幼犬已经到家两周

Is the German Shepherd right for your home?德国牧羊犬适合你的家庭吗？

How to read the cards卡片约定

Safety or behaviour risk存在安全或行为风险

A clear passing standard清晰的通过标准

Length of one session单次训练时长

The minimum learning theory you need只需掌握的最小学习原理

Why talking to a jumping puppy can create more jumping为什么低头说话会让扑人越来越多

At eight weeks, management solves 70% of the problem八周龄阶段，70% 的问题靠管理解决

Behaviour → cue → distraction行为 → 加口令 → 加干扰

Bribe贿赂

Reward奖励

What this means at home这些特点在家中意味着什么

Socialisation aims for neutrality社会化目标是中性

Strength can arrive before manners力量可能早于礼仪成熟

A large puppy is still developing大体型幼犬仍在发育

Cooperation does not replace alone-time practice愿意协作不能替代独处练习

Breed reference data品种参考数据

Suitability家庭适配度

Suited for更适合

Not suited for不太适合

Development timeline发育时间轴

18–20 hours every day at eight weeks八周龄每天需要 18–20 小时睡眠

2–3 minutes, 4–6 times a day每次 2–3 分钟，每天 4–6 次

Divide the home into three zones把家划成三个区域

Safe zone安全区

Activity zone活动区

Restricted zone禁区

Breed-specific safety sweep品种专项安全排查

Equipment list装备清单

Do not do these things in the first week第一周不要做

Introduce family members in this order新家庭成员介绍顺序

Charge the marker in three steps三步完成标记「充电」

Reward placement sets up the next action奖励投放位置决定下一个动作

Feed at the puppy’s mouth把奖励送到嘴边

Toss the food away把食物抛远

The name game名字游戏

Build voluntary attention培养主动关注

Reward the look you did not ask for奖励你没有叫来的那一眼

Looking is allowed; returning attention pays允许看干扰，回头就有奖励

Six times the puppy must go out六个必带出去的时刻

Use the same toilet-place sequence固定厕所点流程

Record three consecutive days连续记录 3 天

Expect a setback at 14–16 weeks and again in adolescence14–16 周与青春期都可能倒退

Eight-step crate desensitisation笼箱脱敏八步

Read the recording, not your hopes用录像判读，不靠猜测

The puppy sleeps幼犬睡着

Persistent pacing, drooling, prolonged howling or attacking the latch持续踱步、流口水、嚎叫超过几分钟或破坏门栓

Five seconds behind a baby gate先从门挡后消失 5 秒开始

Keys do not always mean you are leaving拿钥匙不一定表示你要走

Separate mouthing, legal grip and aroused grabbing分清探索咬、合法咬握与高唤起抓咬

Teach bite inhibition in stages分阶段教咬合力抑制

A four-part grip and leash plan咬握与牵引四步计划

Sit坐

Down趴

Come唤回

Wait等一下

Leave it别碰

Drop / Give吐出来 / 给我

Go to mat / Place上垫子

Settle安定

The 3D progression formula3D 通用推进公式

Begin indoors in three steps室内先行三步

Go out safely before vaccination is complete疫苗未完成期也能安全「出门」

Three golden rules三条黄金规则

The 60-item socialisation checklist60 项社会化清单

Build it from the house to the park从室内一路建立到公园

Keep one cue behind glass留一个只在危急时启用的词

Arrival means coming all the way to hand回来要一直回到手边

Enrichment and outlet menu丰容与出口菜单

Prepare cold outlets before four to six months在 4–6 个月前准备好冷冻出口

Let the puppy solve ten minutes alone让幼犬自己解决 10 分钟

Signs of over-arousal过度唤起征兆

Use this order when the puppy is over threshold幼犬超过唤起阈值后，按这个顺序处理

Mat, naps and chewing垫子、午睡与咀嚼

The excitement sandwich兴奋三明治